metformin
Trade name: glucophage
Small moleculeapproved
Approved
Mar 3, 1995
Metformin is the most widely used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, and is one of only two oral antidiabetic drugs on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential medicines. Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. However, we still do not completely understand its mechanisms of action. The main effect of this drug from the biguanide family is to acutely decrease hepatic glucose production, mostly through a mild and transient inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. In addition, the resulting decrease in hepatic energy status activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), a cellular metabolic sensor, providing a generally accepted mechanism for the action of metformin on hepatic gluconeogenesis. The use of metformin, the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes, was repeatedly associated with the decreased risk of the occurrence of various types of cancers, especially of pancreas and colon and hepatocellular carcinoma. — NCATS
Clinical trial activity
821 trials · 610 clinical orgs · 72 marketing orgs
Phase 1
234
Phase 2
304
Phase 3
166
Phase 4
154
Earliest trial started Jul 31, 1996 (NCT00004992)
Timeline
1990s
- Mar 3, 1995
Bristol-Myers Squibb — Earliest FDA Approval
- Mar 3, 1995
Bristol-Myers Squibb — NDA Secondary Org
- Mar 3, 1995
Merck Serono — NDA Secondary Org
- Mar 3, 1995
Lipha — NDA Secondary Org
- Mar 3, 1995
Bristol-Myers Squibb — NDA Organization
- Jan 1, 1996
Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)
2000s
- Jan 1, 2000
Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)
- Jan 24, 2002
Atlas Chemical Industries — Marketing Organization
- Jan 24, 2002
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 24, 2002
Teva — Marketing Organization
- Jan 24, 2002
Mylan — Marketing Organization
- Jan 24, 2002
Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 24, 2002
Imperial Chemical Industries — Marketing Organization
- Jan 25, 2002
Heritage Pharma — Marketing Organization
- Jan 25, 2002
Barr Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Jan 25, 2002
Sandoz — Marketing Organization
- Jan 25, 2002
Novartis — Marketing Organization
- Apr 23, 2002
Apotex — Marketing Organization
- Oct 10, 2002
SmithKline Beecham — Marketing Organization
- Oct 10, 2002
GlaxoSmithKline — NDA Secondary Org
- Sep 11, 2003
Sun Pharmaceuticals — NDA Secondary Org
- Sep 11, 2003
Ranbaxy — NDA Secondary Org
- Oct 31, 2003
Ranbaxy — Marketing Organization
- Jan 1, 2004
- Apr 27, 2004
Andrx — NDA Secondary Org
- Jul 30, 2004
Impax Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Oct 1, 2004
Actavis — Marketing Organization
- Jan 14, 2005
Aurobindo Pharma — Marketing Organization
- Apr 20, 2005
Cadila Healthcare — Marketing Organization
- Jun 3, 2005
Santarus — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 29, 2005
Takeda — Marketing Organization
- Aug 29, 2005
Takeda — NDA Secondary Org
- Oct 27, 2005
Epic Pharma Llc — Marketing Organization
- Jul 28, 2006
Provident Pharm — Marketing Organization
- Aug 23, 2006
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Mar 30, 2007
Merck — Marketing Organization
- Mar 30, 2007
Merck — NDA Secondary Org
- Apr 12, 2007
Dash Pharms — Marketing Organization
- Aug 6, 2007
IPCA Laboratories Ltd. — Marketing Organization
- Apr 17, 2008
Shijiazhuang Pharma Group (CSPC) — Marketing Organization
- May 23, 2008
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jun 23, 2008
Novo Nordisk — Marketing Organization
- Jun 23, 2008
Novo Nordisk — NDA Secondary Org
- Nov 25, 2008
Indicus Pharma — Marketing Organization
- Dec 30, 2009
Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited — Marketing Organization
2010s
- Apr 22, 2010
Granules India — Marketing Organization
- Nov 1, 2010
Alkem Labs Ltd — Marketing Organization
- Nov 5, 2010
AstraZeneca — Marketing Organization
- Nov 5, 2010
AstraZeneca — NDA Secondary Org
- Jun 29, 2011
Lupin — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2012
Inventia Hlthcare — Marketing Organization
- Jan 30, 2012
Boehringer Ingelheim — Marketing Organization
- Jan 30, 2012
Boehringer Ingelheim — NDA Secondary Org
- Mar 12, 2012
Marksans Pharma — Marketing Organization
- Sep 11, 2013
Sciegen Pharmaceticals — Marketing Organization
- Aug 8, 2014
Johnson and Johnson — Marketing Organization
- Aug 8, 2014
Johnson and Johnson — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 28, 2014
Zydus Discovery DMCC — Marketing Organization
- Apr 21, 2015
Anchen Pharmaceuticals, Inc — Marketing Organization
- Apr 21, 2015
Par Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Oct 30, 2015
Allergan PLC (2015) — Marketing Organization
- Nov 5, 2015
Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Ltd — Marketing Organization
- Nov 5, 2015
Neogen — Marketing Organization
- Jan 21, 2016
Amneal Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Aug 1, 2016
Sun Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Dec 13, 2016
Beximco — Marketing Organization
- Feb 23, 2017
Intellipharmaceutics — Marketing Organization
- Dec 26, 2017
Nostrum Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Mar 19, 2018
Sinotherapeutics — Marketing Organization
- Aug 27, 2018
Laurus Labs Ltd — Marketing Organization
- Sep 10, 2018
Prinston Inc — Marketing Organization
- Sep 24, 2018
Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd — Marketing Organization
- Oct 12, 2018
Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. — Marketing Organization
- Nov 2, 2018
Novast Labs — Marketing Organization
- Dec 27, 2018
Baheal Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
2020s
- Mar 3, 2020
Saptalis Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Apr 9, 2020
Ajanta Pharma Ltd — Marketing Organization
- May 1, 2020
MSN Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Aug 3, 2021
Amta — Marketing Organization
- Aug 11, 2021
Unichem — Marketing Organization
- Sep 29, 2021
TWi Biotechnology, Inc. — Marketing Organization
- Dec 3, 2021
Harman Finochem — Marketing Organization
- Aug 19, 2022
VistaPharm, Inc. — Marketing Organization
- Jan 10, 2023
Micro Labs Ltd India — Marketing Organization
- Jun 20, 2023
Apicore — Marketing Organization
- Nov 3, 2023
Zydus Discovery DMCC — NDA Secondary Org
Indications
Approved for
Studied for
- Achilles Tendon · Phase 1
- Acne Vulgaris · Phase 4
- Acute Coronary Syndrome · Phase 4
- Acute Kidney Injury · Phase 2
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli · Phase 3
- Adult Children · Phase 2
- Aging · Phase 3
- Alopecia Areata · Phase 1
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis · Phase 2
- Anemia, Sickle Cell · Phase 1
- Angina, Unstable · Phase 4
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries · Phase 2
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Art · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Arthritis · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Arthritis, Psoriatic · Phase 4
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid · Phase 2
- Asthma · Phase 2
- Atherosclerosis · Phase 1
- Atrial Fibrillation · Phase 4
- Bardet-Biedl Syndrome · Phase 2
- Bariatric Surgery · Phase 4
- BCG Vaccine · Early Phase 1
- Berberine · Phase 4
- beta-Thalassemia · Phase 4
- Biomarkers · Early Phase 1
- Blood Glucose · Phase 4
- Body Weight · Phase 1
- Bone Diseases · Phase 3
- Brain Diseases · Phase 2
- Brain Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Breast Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia · Early Phase 1
- Burns · Phase 2
- Cannabis · Phase 4
- Carcinoma · Phase 2
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular · Phase 2
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid · Phase 1
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung · Phase 3
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell · Phase 2
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell · Phase 2
- Cardiomegaly · Phase 1
- Cardiovascular Diseases · Phase 4
- Cerebral Palsy · Phase 2
- Cerebrovascular Disorders · Phase 4
- Child Development · Phase 2
- Chronic Disease · Phase 3
- Chronic Pain · Phase 1
- Chronic Periodontitis · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Codeine · Phase 1
- Cognition Disorders · Phase 3
- Cognitive Dysfunction · Phase 4
- Colitis, Ulcerative · Phase 2
- Colonic Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Colorectal Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Comparative Study · Phase 1
- Coronary Artery Disease · Phase 4
- Coronary Disease · Phase 3
- COVID-19 · Phase 3
- Cystic Fibrosis · Phase 2
- Deficiency Diseases · Phase 4
- Dementia, Vascular · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Dengue · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Depression · Phase 4
- Developmental Disabilities · Phase 4
- Diabetes Complications · Phase 4
- Diabetes, Gestational · Phase 4
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 · Phase 4
- Diabetic Foot · Phase 2
- Diabetic Nephropathies · Phase 2
- Diabetic Neuropathies · Phase 1
- Diagnostic Self Evaluation · Phase 1
- Diet Therapy · Early Phase 1
- Drug Evaluation · Phase 4
- Drug Interactions · Phase 1
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions · Phase 4
- Drugs, Generic · Phase 1
- Drugs, Investigational · Phase 4
- Drug Therapy · Phase 4
- Dyslipidemias · Phase 3
- Endocrine System Diseases · Phase 4
- Endometrial Hyperplasia · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Endometrial Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Endometriosis · Phase 2
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress · Phase 2
- Endothelial Cells · Phase 1
- Epilepsy · Phase 3
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal · Phase 2
- Esophageal Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma · Phase 2
- Exercise · Phase 4
- Fanconi Anemia · Phase 3
- Fasting · Phase 1
- Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic · Phase 3
- Female · Phase 3
- Fibromyalgia · Phase 2
- Fibrosis · Phase 2
- Fractures, Bone · Phase 4
- Fragile X Syndrome · Phase 4
- Frailty · Phase 3
- Frontotemporal Dementia · Phase 2
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Geroscience · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Glaucoma · Phase 3
- Glioblastoma · Phase 2
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Glucocorticoids · Phase 4
- Glucose Intolerance · Phase 4
- Glucose Metabolism Disorders · Phase 4
- Glucose Tolerance Test · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Glycemic Control · Phase 4
- Gout · Phase 2
- Growth and Development · Phase 2
- Health · Phase 1
- Healthy Volunteers · Phase 1
- Heart Diseases · Phase 4
- Heart Failure · Phase 4
- Heart Failure, Diastolic · Phase 2/Phase 3
- HELLP Syndrome · Phase 3
- Hidradenitis Suppurativa · Phase 3
- HIV · Phase 2
- HIV Infections · Phase 4
- HIV Seropositivity · Phase 2
- Huntington Disease · Phase 3
- Hyperandrogenism · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Hyperemesis Gravidarum · Phase 2
- Hyperglycemia · Phase 4
- Hyperlactatemia · Phase 4
- Hyperlipidemias · Phase 1
- Hypertension · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Hypertension, Portal · Phase 2
- Hypertension, Pulmonary · Phase 2
- Hypoglycemic Agents · Phase 4
- Hypothyroidism · Phase 4
- Hypoxia · Phase 2
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain · Phase 2
- Immunosenescence · Phase 2
- Infant, Premature · Phase 4
- Infertility · Phase 4
- Infertility, Female · Phase 4
- Infertility, Male · Phase 2
- Inflammation · Phase 2
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · Phase 2
- Insulin Resistance · Phase 4
- Intellectual Disability · Phase 4
- Intermittent Claudication · Phase 3
- Intestinal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Ischemic Stroke · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Kidney Diseases · Phase 4
- Kidney Failure, Chronic · Phase 2
- Kidney Transplantation · Phase 2
- Larynx · Early Phase 1
- Leprosy · Phase 2
- Leprosy, Multibacillary · Phase 2
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute · Phase 2
- Leukoplakia · Phase 1
- Leukoplakia, Oral · Phase 2
- Lip · Early Phase 1
- Lipid Metabolism Disorders · Phase 1
- Liver Diseases · Phase 4
- Liver Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Longevity · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Low Back Pain · Phase 2
- Lung Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic · Phase 2
- Lupus Nephritis · Phase 4
- Lymphoma, Follicular · Phase 2
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse · Phase 2
- Major Depressive Disorder · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Malaria · Phase 1
- Medulloblastoma · Phase 3
- Melanoma · Phase 2
- Melanosis · Phase 4
- Menopause · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Menstruation Disturbances · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Metabolic Diseases · Phase 4
- Metabolic Syndrome · Phase 4
- Metabolism · Early Phase 1
- Metformin · Phase 4
- Mitochondria · Phase 3
- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action · Phase 1
- Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance · Phase 2
- Mouth · Early Phase 1
- Mouth Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Multiple Myeloma · Phase 1
- Multiple Sclerosis · Phase 2
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive · Phase 2
- Muscle Spasticity · Phase 2
- Muscle Weakness · Early Phase 1
- Muscular Atrophy · Early Phase 1
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes · Phase 2
- Myocardial Infarction · Phase 3
- Neoplasm Metastasis · Phase 1
- Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Nephritis, Hereditary · Phase 4
- Neurobehavioral Manifestations · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease · Phase 4
- Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction · Phase 3
- Nutrition Disorders · Early Phase 1
- Obesity · Phase 4
- Obesity, Abdominal · Phase 2
- Obesity, Morbid · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Obstetric Labor, Premature · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Organic Cation Transporter 1 · Phase 1
- Osteoarthritis · Phase 3
- Osteoarthritis, Knee · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Osteoporosis · Phase 4
- Osteosarcoma · Phase 2
- Ovarian Neoplasms · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Overweight · Phase 4
- Ovulation · Phase 4
- Pain · Phase 1
- Pancreatic Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Pancreatitis, Chronic · Phase 4
- Parkinson Disease · Phase 3
- Pediatric Obesity · Phase 4
- Pelvic Pain · Phase 2
- Periapical Periodontitis · Phase 4
- Peri-Implantitis · Phase 4
- Perinatal Care · Phase 3
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases · Phase 2
- Pharmacokinetics · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Pharynx · Early Phase 1
- Pioglitazone · Early Phase 1
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic · Phase 1
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 · Phase 4
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant · Phase 3
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome · Phase 4
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography · Phase 2
- Postnatal Care · Phase 2
- Postoperative Complications · Phase 1
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma · Phase 2
- Prediabetic State · Phase 4
- Pre-Eclampsia · Phase 4
- Pregnancy Complications · Phase 4
- Pregnancy, High-Risk · Phase 4
- Pregnancy in Diabetics · Phase 4
- Preleukemia · Phase 2
- Premature Birth · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases · Phase 1
- Progesterone · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Progression-Free Survival · Phase 2
- Prostatic Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Proteinuria · Phase 4
- Psoriasis · Phase 4
- Psychotic Disorders · Phase 4
- Puerperal Disorders · Phase 3
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive · Phase 3
- Quality of Life · Phase 4
- Racism · Phase 4
- Radiotherapy · Phase 2
- Renal Insufficiency · Phase 4
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic · Phase 3
- Reperfusion Injury · Phase 3
- Retinal Degeneration · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Retinal Diseases · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Retinal Dystrophies · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary · Phase 2
- Sarcoma, Ewing · Phase 2
- Sarcoma, Myeloid · Phase 2
- SARS-CoV-2 · Phase 2
- Schizophrenia · Phase 4
- Sepsis · Phase 3
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Sex Chromosome Disorders · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Shock, Septic · Phase 2
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma · Phase 2
- Smoking · Phase 2
- Smoldering Multiple Myeloma · Phase 2
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors · Phase 2
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck · Phase 2
- Stargardt Disease · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Steatitis · Phase 2/Phase 3
- ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction · Phase 3
- Stomach Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Stroke · Phase 2
- Tendinopathy · Phase 1
- Therapeutic Equivalency · Phase 1
- Thiamine Deficiency · Phase 4
- Thoracic Neoplasms · Early Phase 1
- Thrombocytopenia · Phase 2
- Thyroid Gland · Phase 2
- Thyroid Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Tooth Abnormalities · Phase 2
- Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Tropical Medicine · Phase 2
- Tuberculosis · Phase 3
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary · Phase 2
- Tumor Microenvironment · Phase 2
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Vaccines · Phase 1
- Vaginal Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Vascular Calcification · Phase 3
- Vascular Stiffness · Phase 4
- Virus Diseases · Phase 2
- Vision Disorders · Phase 2
- Vitamin D Deficiency · Phase 4
- Vitiligo · Phase 2
- Volunteers · Phase 1
- Vulvar Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Warts · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Weight Gain · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Weight Loss · Phase 2
- X-Linked Intellectual Disability · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Yellow Fever · Phase 2
Mechanism of action
GPD2 inhibitor
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor
May not be direct target
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 (NDUFA1) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 (MT-ND6) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial (NDUFA10) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial (NDUFS8) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L (MT-ND4L) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 (NDUFA6) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (MT-ND1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 (NDUFB6) ↗
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 (NDUFA4) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 (NDUFA11) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 (NDUFB7) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 (MT-ND2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial (NDUFS2) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 (MT-ND5) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial (NDUFS4) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 (NDUFB3) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 (NDUFA8) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial (NDUFC1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 (NDUFA2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 (NDUFS5) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial (NDUFB5) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 (MT-ND4) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial (NDUFS7) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial (NDUFS6) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 (NDUFB1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 (NDUFA12) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 (MT-ND3) ↗
- Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial (NDUFAB1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial (NDUFS3) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 (NDUFA3) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 (NDUFB4) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial (NDUFB8) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial (NDUFB2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 (NDUFA7) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 (NDUFC2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 (NDUFB10) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial (NDUFV2) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial (NDUFS1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial (NDUFV1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial (NDUFV3) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 (NDUFA5) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial (NDUFA9) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 2 (NDUFAF2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 3 (NDUFAF3) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial (NDUFB11) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 4 (NDUFAF4) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 (NDUFA13) ↗
- Complex I intermediate-associated protein 30, mitochondrial (NDUFAF1) ↗
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 (NDUFB9) ↗
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase MLRQ subunit
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 49 kDa subunit
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase SGDH subunit
- Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 42 kDa subunit
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase B17 subunit
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 4
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase B18 subunit
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 2
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5
- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1
Combination products
actoplus met
with pioglitazone
Also known as actoplus, actoplus met xr
avandamet
with rosiglitazone
glucovance
with glyburide
invokamet
with canagliflozin
Also known as invokamet xr
janumet
with sitagliptin
Also known as janumet xr
jentadueto
with linagliptin
Also known as jentadueto xr
kazano
with alogliptin
kombiglyze xr
with saxagliptin
metaglip
with glipizide
prandimet
with repaglinide
qternmet xr
with saxagliptin, dapagliflozin
segluromet
with ertugliflozin
synjardy
with empagliflozin
Also known as synjardy xr
trijardy xr
with empagliflozin, linagliptin
Also known as trijardy
xigduo xr
with dapagliflozin
Approval history
- approvedPriority reviewMar 3, 1995
Chemistry & pharmacology
Loading structure…
SMILES
CN(C)C(=N)NC(=N)N- Mol. weight
- 129.17 g/mol
- Lipinski Ro5
- Pass
- Rule of 3
- No
- Chirality
- Achiral Molecule
- Inorganic
- No
- Polymer
- No
- Delivery
- Oral
- Availability
- Prescription Only
Oral
Yes
Parenteral
No
Topical
No
Black box warning
Sources
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1431 ↗
- WikipediaMetformin ↗
- NCATS9100L32L2N ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL494397 ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1187231 ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL2108299 ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1703 ↗
Also known as
- alogliptin benzoate / metformin hydrochloride
- alogliptin / metformin
- bolamyn sr
- canagliflozin / metformin hydrochloride
- cjc-1134
- cjc-1134-pc
- dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate / metformin hydrochloride
- diabex
- diabex
- diagemet xl
- dmmet-01
- dmmet-01
- empagliflozin / metformin
- ertugliflozin l-pyroglutamic acid/ metformin hydrochloride
- fortamet
- fortamet
- glucamet 500
- glucamet 850
- glucient sr
- glucophage
- glucophage
- glucophage
- glucophage
- glucophage
- glucophage sr
- glucophage xr
- glucophage xr
- glumetza
- glumetza
- glyformin
- glyformin
- hl-018
- incb019602
- la 6023
- la-6023
- la-6023
- la-6023
- ledermetin
- linagliptin / metformin
- merformin
- metabet sr
- metagliptin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformin
- metformina
- metformina
- metformine
- metformine
- metformin glycinate
- metformin glycinate
- metformin hcl
- metformin hcl
- metformin hcl
- metformin hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride / dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate
- metformin hydrochloride / pioglitazone hydrochloride
- metformin hydrochloride /saxagliptin hydrochloride
- metforminum
- metforminum
- metformin xr
- metsol
- milform
- orabet
- orabet
- pioglitazone / metformin hydrochloride
- riomet
- riomet
- rosiglitazone / metformin hydrochloride,
- sitagliptin / metformin hydrochloride
- sukkarto sr
- vildagliptin / metformin hydrochloride
- yh1
- yh1
- yh14755
Clinical trials
| NCT ID | Phase | Start date | Sponsor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06560333 | Phase 3 | Nov 30, 2026 | Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A. |
| NCT07057479 | Phase 3 | Sep 30, 2026 | Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A. |
| NCT07300059 | Phase 1 | Jul 15, 2026 | Aspargo Labs, Inc |
| NCT07300046 | Phase 1 | Jun 15, 2026 | Aspargo Labs, Inc |
| NCT07300033 | Phase 1 | May 15, 2026 | Aspargo Labs, Inc |
| NCT07300020 | Phase 1 | Apr 15, 2026 | Aspargo Labs, Inc |
| NCT07300007 | Phase 1 | Mar 15, 2026 | Aspargo Labs, Inc |
| NCT07275359 | Phase 1 | Mar 1, 2026 | Duke University, National Institute on Aging (NIA) |
| NCT07139405 | Phase 2 | Feb 28, 2026 | Myopharm Limited |
| NCT07291297 | Phase 2 | Feb 28, 2026 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Wake Forest University |
| NCT07226453 | Phase 2 | Feb 28, 2026 | The Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco |
| NCT07136987 | Phase 3 | Jan 31, 2026 | National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India, Open Source Pharma Foundation |
| NCT07007221 | Phase 2 | Jan 1, 2026 | University of Minnesota |
| NCT07272967 | Phase 4 | Jan 1, 2026 | Badr University |
| NCT06948825 | Phase 2 | Nov 30, 2025 | American Diabetes Association, George Washington University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| NCT07158411 | Phase 1 | Nov 20, 2025 | Deciphera Pharmaceuticals LLC |
| NCT07222098 | Phase 1 | Nov 18, 2025 | Merck |
| NCT07223671 | Phase 1 | Nov 12, 2025 | Bristol-Myers Squibb |
| NCT07216131 | Phase 1 | Nov 10, 2025 | AstraZeneca, Parexel |
| NCT07229651 | Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3) | Nov 10, 2025 | Tanta University |
Showing 20 of 821 trials
Page 1 / 42
Organizations
Research & Development (610)
| Organization | Org type | Trials | As lead sponsor | Phases | Earliest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ain Shams University | Academic/Hospital | 17 | 17 | 5 | 2017 |
| Cairo University | Academic/Hospital | 17 | 13 | 5 | 2017 |
| Tanta University | Academic/Hospital | 16 | 15 | 3 | 2014 |
| Jiao Tong University | Academic/Hospital | 15 | 12 | 4 | 2017 |
| Peking University | Academic/Hospital | 15 | 8 | 5 | 2015 |
| Assiut University | Academic/Hospital | 11 | 11 | 5 | 2017 |
| Sanofi | For profit | 11 | 11 | 2 | 2017 |
| AstraZeneca | For profit | 10 | 8 | 3 | 2011 |
| Fudan University | Academic/Hospital | 10 | 6 | 5 | 2020 |
| Merck KGaA | For profit | 10 | 8 | 3 | 2018 |
| National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Government | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2019 |
| University of Pittsburgh | Academic/Hospital | 10 | 9 | 4 | 2017 |
| Beni Suef University | Academic/Hospital | 9 | 8 | 5 | 2019 |
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | 9 | 8 | 2 | 2015 |
| Central South University | Academic/Hospital | 9 | 9 | 4 | 2017 |
| University of Guadalajara | Academic/Hospital | 9 | 6 | 3 | 2008 |
| Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Academic/Hospital | 8 | 4 | 3 | 2017 |
| Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical | For profit | 8 | 8 | 1 | 2015 |
| Huazhong University of Science and Technology | Academic/Hospital | 8 | 7 | 2 | 2011 |
| Hengrui Therapeutics, Inc. | For profit | 7 | 6 | 3 | 2017 |
610 organizations
Page 1 / 31
Marketing (122)
| Organization | Org type | Relationship | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actavis | For profit | MKTG | Oct 1, 2004 |
| Actavis | For profit | SYN | Jun 16, 2004 |
| Ajanta Pharma Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Apr 9, 2020 |
| Alkem Labs Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Nov 1, 2010 |
| Alkem Labs Ltd | For profit | SYN | Oct 22, 2018 |
| Allergan PLC (2015) | For profit | MKTG | Oct 30, 2015 |
| Amneal Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 21, 2016 |
| Amneal Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Jun 5, 2006 |
| Amta | For profit | MKTG | Aug 3, 2021 |
| Anchen Pharmaceuticals, Inc | For profit | MKTG | Apr 21, 2015 |
| Andrx | For profit | NDA2 | Apr 27, 2004 |
| Apicore | For profit | MKTG | Jun 20, 2023 |
| Apotex | For profit | MKTG | Apr 23, 2002 |
| Apotex | For profit | SYN | Mar 10, 2014 |
| AstraZeneca | For profit | MKTG | Nov 5, 2010 |
| AstraZeneca | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 5, 2010 |
| Atlas Chemical Industries | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Aurobindo Pharma | For profit | MKTG | Jan 14, 2005 |
| Aurobindo Pharma | For profit | SYN | Nov 14, 2007 |
| Aurobindo Pharma | For profit | SYN | Jul 20, 2012 |
| Baheal Pharmaceutical | For profit | MKTG | Dec 27, 2018 |
| Barr Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Jan 25, 2002 |
| Beximco | For profit | MKTG | Dec 13, 2016 |
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | MKTG | Jan 30, 2012 |
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | NDA2 | Jan 30, 2012 |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb | For profit | NDA2 | Mar 3, 1995 |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb | For profit | NDA | Mar 3, 1995 |
| Cadila Healthcare | For profit | MKTG | Apr 20, 2005 |
| Chartwell Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Chartwell Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Dash Pharms | For profit | MKTG | Apr 12, 2007 |
| Dr. Reddy's Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Feb 1, 2021 |
| Dr. Reddy's Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Aug 23, 2006 |
| Dr. Reddy's Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Aug 9, 2023 |
| Epic Pharma Llc | For profit | MKTG | Oct 27, 2005 |
| GlaxoSmithKline | For profit | NDA2 | Oct 10, 2002 |
| Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | May 23, 2008 |
| Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Nov 25, 2019 |
| Granules India | For profit | MKTG | Apr 22, 2010 |
| Granules India | For profit | SYN | Mar 16, 2018 |
| Granules India | For profit | SYN | Mar 16, 2018 |
| Harman Finochem | For profit | SYN | Dec 3, 2021 |
| Harman Finochem | For profit | MKTG | Dec 3, 2021 |
| Heritage Pharma | For profit | MKTG | Jan 25, 2002 |
| Heritage Pharma | For profit | SYN | Jun 3, 2009 |
| Heritage Pharma | For profit | SYN | Jun 3, 2009 |
| IPCA Laboratories Ltd. | For profit | MKTG | Aug 6, 2007 |
| Impax Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Jul 30, 2004 |
| Impax Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Feb 18, 2004 |
| Imperial Chemical Industries | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Indicus Pharma | For profit | MKTG | Nov 25, 2008 |
| Intellipharmaceutics | For profit | MKTG | Feb 23, 2017 |
| Inventia Hlthcare | For profit | SYN | Jan 18, 2012 |
| Inventia Hlthcare | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2012 |
| Johnson and Johnson | For profit | MKTG | Aug 8, 2014 |
| Johnson and Johnson | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 8, 2014 |
| Laurus Labs Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Aug 27, 2018 |
| Laurus Labs Ltd | For profit | SYN | Aug 27, 2018 |
| Lipha | For profit | NDA2 | Mar 3, 1995 |
| Lupin | For profit | MKTG | Jun 29, 2011 |
| MSN Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | May 1, 2020 |
| MSN Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Nov 27, 2019 |
| Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Nov 5, 2015 |
| Marksans Pharma | For profit | MKTG | Mar 12, 2012 |
| Merck | For profit | MKTG | Mar 30, 2007 |
| Merck | For profit | NDA2 | Mar 30, 2007 |
| Merck Serono | For profit | NDA2 | Mar 3, 1995 |
| Micro Labs Ltd India | For profit | MKTG | Jan 10, 2023 |
| Mylan | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Mylan | For profit | SYN | Jan 29, 2002 |
| Neogen | For profit | MKTG | Nov 5, 2015 |
| Nostrum Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Dec 26, 2017 |
| Nostrum Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Jul 26, 2006 |
| Novartis | For profit | MKTG | Jan 25, 2002 |
| Novast Labs | For profit | MKTG | Nov 2, 2018 |
| Novo Nordisk | For profit | MKTG | Jun 23, 2008 |
| Novo Nordisk | For profit | NDA2 | Jun 23, 2008 |
| Par Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Apr 21, 2015 |
| Prinston Inc | For profit | MKTG | Sep 10, 2018 |
| Prinston Inc | For profit | SYN | Apr 5, 2022 |
| Provident Pharm | For profit | MKTG | Jul 28, 2006 |
| Ranbaxy | For profit | SYN | Sep 11, 2003 |
| Ranbaxy | For profit | MKTG | Oct 31, 2003 |
| Ranbaxy | For profit | NDA2 | Sep 11, 2003 |
| Sandoz | For profit | MKTG | Jan 25, 2002 |
| Sandoz | For profit | SYN | Jul 30, 2013 |
| Santarus | For profit | NDA2 | Jun 3, 2005 |
| Saptalis Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Mar 3, 2020 |
| Sciegen Pharmaceticals | For profit | MKTG | Sep 11, 2013 |
| Shijiazhuang Pharma Group (CSPC) | For profit | MKTG | Apr 17, 2008 |
| Sinotherapeutics | For profit | MKTG | Mar 19, 2018 |
| SmithKline Beecham | For profit | MKTG | Oct 10, 2002 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | NDA2 | Sep 11, 2003 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Aug 1, 2016 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Feb 9, 2006 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Jan 29, 2002 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Feb 21, 2002 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Aug 1, 2016 |
| Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | For profit | MKTG | Oct 12, 2018 |
| Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | For profit | SYN | Oct 12, 2018 |
| TWi Biotechnology, Inc. | For profit | MKTG | Sep 29, 2021 |
| Takeda | For profit | MKTG | Aug 29, 2005 |
| Takeda | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 29, 2005 |
| Teva | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Teva | For profit | SYN | Dec 16, 2002 |
| Teva | For profit | SYN | Oct 28, 2005 |
| Teva | For profit | SYN | Mar 10, 2014 |
| Teva | For profit | SYN | Sep 29, 2015 |
| Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited | For profit | MKTG | Dec 30, 2009 |
| Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited | For profit | SYN | Jan 24, 2007 |
| Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited | For profit | SYN | Feb 18, 2010 |
| Unichem | For profit | MKTG | Aug 11, 2021 |
| VistaPharm, Inc. | For profit | MKTG | Aug 19, 2022 |
| Watson Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 24, 2002 |
| Watson Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Jan 25, 2002 |
| Watson Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Dec 14, 2004 |
| Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Sep 24, 2018 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | MKTG | Aug 28, 2014 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | SYN | Feb 29, 2016 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | SYN | Apr 18, 2005 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | SYN | Jan 31, 2011 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 3, 2023 |