epinephrine
Trade name: levophed
Approved
Nov 19, 1948
Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It acts as a naturally occurring agonist at both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Three pharmacologic types have been identified: alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Each of these has three subtypes, characterized by both structural and functional differences. The alpha 2 and beta receptors are coupled negatively and positively, respectively, to adenylyl cyclase via Gi or Gs regulatory proteins, and the alpha 1 receptors modulate phospholipase C via the Go protein. Subtype expression is regulated at the level of the gene, the mRNA, and the protein through various transcriptional and postsynthetic mechanisms. Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis. Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, reduces glucose up take by tissues, and inhibits insulin release in the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and increased blood lactic acid. — NCATS
Clinical trial activity
574 trials · 420 clinical orgs · 52 marketing orgs
Earliest trial started Oct 1, 1999 (NCT00148278)
Timeline
1890s
- Apr 20, 1896
Evidence of US Marketing
1940s
- Nov 19, 1948
Fresenius — Earliest FDA Approval
- Nov 19, 1948
Dentsply International — Marketing Organization
- Nov 19, 1948
Fresenius — Marketing Organization
- Nov 19, 1948
Fresenius — NDA Organization
- Nov 19, 1948
Dentsply International — NDA Secondary Org
1950s
- Jun 8, 1951
Forest Laboratories — NDA Secondary Org
- Mar 9, 1956
3M — NDA Secondary Org
1960s
- Nov 18, 1965
AstraZeneca — NDA Secondary Org
- Nov 8, 1967
Wyeth — NDA Secondary Org
- Nov 8, 1967
American Home Products — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 11, 1969
Sterling Drug — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 11, 1969
Sterling-Winthrop — NDA Secondary Org
1970s
- Feb 23, 1972
Belmora — Marketing Organization
- Mar 13, 1972
West-Ward Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
- Nov 28, 1972
AstraZeneca — Marketing Organization
- Dec 20, 1972
Abbott — Marketing Organization
- Nov 26, 1973
Belmar Pharmacy — Marketing Organization
- Feb 20, 1974
Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Mar 18, 1975
Del Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Jan 16, 1976
Carlisle — Marketing Organization
1980s
- Feb 4, 1980
International Medication — Marketing Organization
- Sep 9, 1980
Septodont — Marketing Organization
- Aug 17, 1983
Pharmaton — Marketing Organization
- May 23, 1984
Armstrong Pharmaceuticals — NDA Secondary Org
- May 23, 1984
Armstrong Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 22, 1985
Deproco — Marketing Organization
- Sep 13, 1985
Hospira — Marketing Organization
- Dec 22, 1987
Mylan — NDA Secondary Org
- Dec 22, 1987
Viatris — Marketing Organization
1990s
- Feb 26, 1993
Kodak — Marketing Organization
- Dec 21, 1995
iOMEDICO AG — Marketing Organization
- Dec 21, 1995
iOMEDICO AG — NDA Secondary Org
- Jan 1, 1999
Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)
2000s
- Apr 3, 2000
Deproco — NDA Secondary Org
- Jan 1, 2003
Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)
- May 30, 2003
Impax Laboratories — NDA Secondary Org
- May 6, 2004
Vyteris — Marketing Organization
- May 6, 2004
Vyteris — NDA Secondary Org
- Oct 26, 2004
Empi — Marketing Organization
- Oct 26, 2004
Empi — NDA Secondary Org
- Jan 1, 2005
Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)
2010s
- Feb 26, 2010
Pierrel Research — Marketing Organization
- Feb 26, 2010
Pierrel Research — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 10, 2012
Kaleo — NDA Secondary Org
- Dec 7, 2012
Par Pharmaceuticals — NDA Secondary Org
- Dec 7, 2012
Endo Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Dec 7, 2012
PH HEALTH — Marketing Organization
- Jul 29, 2014
Belcher Pharmaceuticals — NDA Secondary Org
- Jul 29, 2014
Belcher Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jul 29, 2014
BPI — Marketing Organization
- Jul 29, 2014
BPI — NDA Secondary Org
- Jun 15, 2017
Adamis Pharmaceuticals Corporation — NDA Secondary Org
- Jul 11, 2017
HansaBioMed — Marketing Organization
- Jul 11, 2017
Lonza — Marketing Organization
- Nov 29, 2017
Hospira — NDA Secondary Org
- Jul 6, 2018
Lutipold — Marketing Organization
- Jul 6, 2018
Sankyo — Marketing Organization
- Jul 6, 2018
Daiichi Sankyo — Marketing Organization
- Aug 16, 2018
Teva — Marketing Organization
- Nov 7, 2018
Allergan PLC (2015) — NDA Secondary Org
- Nov 5, 2019
Pfizer — NDA Secondary Org
2020s
- Mar 17, 2021
Pfizer — Marketing Organization
- Sep 8, 2021
B. Braun — Marketing Organization
- Aug 15, 2022
International Medication — NDA Secondary Org
- Apr 21, 2023
Bristol-Myers Squibb — NDA Secondary Org
- Aug 9, 2024
ARS PHARMS OPERATION — Marketing Organization
- Feb 6, 2025
Gland Pharma Ltd — Marketing Organization
- Feb 28, 2025
Baxalta — Marketing Organization
- Oct 14, 2025
Amneal Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- May 29, 2026
Hikma — Marketing Organization
Indications
Approved for
Studied for
- Abscess · Phase 4
- Acetabularia · Phase 4
- Acute Coronary Syndrome · Phase 4
- Acute Lung Injury · Phase 2
- Acute Pain · Phase 4
- Adolescent · Phase 4
- Adrenergic Antagonists · Phase 4
- Albuterol · Phase 4
- Allergy and Immunology · Phase 1
- Analgesia · Phase 4
- Analgesics · Phase 4
- Analgesics, Opioid · Phase 4
- Anaphylaxis · Phase 4
- Anesthesia · Phase 4
- Anesthesia and Analgesia · Phase 4
- Anesthesia, Conduction · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Anesthesia, Local · Phase 4
- Anesthesia, Spinal · Phase 4
- Anesthetics · Phase 4
- Anesthetics, Local · Phase 4
- Angioedema · Phase 2
- Ankle Fractures · Phase 4
- Ankle Injuries · Phase 4
- Appendicitis · Phase 2
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac · Phase 4
- Arthritis · Phase 4
- Arthropathy, Neurogenic · Phase 4
- Arthroplasty · Phase 4
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip · Phase 4
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee · Phase 4
- Arthroscopy · Phase 4
- Asthma · Phase 4
- Bacteremia · Phase 4
- Behavior · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Blood Loss, Surgical · Phase 4
- Blood Pressure · Phase 4
- Blood Transfusion · Phase 3
- Brachial Plexus Block · Phase 4
- Brain Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Breast Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Bronchial Spasm · Phase 2
- Bronchiolitis · Phase 4
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung · Phase 3
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell · Phase 3
- Cardiac Output, High · Phase 4
- Cardiac Output, Low · Phase 4
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass · Phase 4
- Cardiovascular Diseases · Phase 4
- Cataract · Phase 4
- Central Nervous System Depressants · Phase 4
- Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia · Phase 4
- Cervical Vertebrae · Phase 4
- Cesarean Section · Phase 4
- Child · Phase 4
- Child Behavior · Phase 3
- Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic · Phase 4
- Chronic Urticaria · Phase 2
- Cleft Lip · Phase 3
- Cognition Disorders · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Colles' Fracture · Phase 3
- Colonic Polyps · Phase 4
- Colorectal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Colorectal Surgery · Phase 4
- Contusions · Phase 4
- Crohn Disease · Phase 4
- Croup · Phase 4
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac · Phase 4
- Dental Caries · Phase 3
- Dental Implantation · Phase 4
- Dental Pulp Diseases · Phase 4
- Depression · Early Phase 1
- Dermatologic Surgical Procedures · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Dermatology · Phase 4
- Diabetes Complications · Early Phase 1
- Diabetes Mellitus · Phase 3
- Digestive System Diseases · Phase 4
- Dopamine · Phase 3
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions · Phase 4
- Drugs, Investigational · Phase 4
- Duodenal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Dyspnea · Phase 4
- Ecchymosis · Phase 4
- Edema · Phase 4
- Epinephrine · Phase 4
- Epistaxis · Phase 3
- Esophageal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Eye Diseases · Phase 4
- Eye Diseases, Hereditary · Phase 4
- Eyelid Diseases · Phase 4
- Eyelids · Phase 4
- Femoracetabular Impingement · Phase 4
- Femoral Neck Fractures · Phase 4
- Fissure in Ano · Phase 4
- Food · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Food Hypersensitivity · Phase 1
- Fracture Dislocation · Phase 3
- Fractures, Bone · Phase 4
- Free Tissue Flaps · Phase 4
- Gastrointestinal Diseases · Phase 4
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Gender Dysphoria · Phase 3
- General Surgery · Phase 4
- Gingival Recession · Phase 4
- Goiter · Phase 3
- Hand Injuries · Phase 4
- Head and Neck Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Healthy Volunteers · Phase 2
- Heart Arrest · Phase 4
- Heart Diseases · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Heart Failure · Phase 2
- Hematoma · Phase 4
- Hemodynamics · Phase 4
- Hemoptysis · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Hemorrhage · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Hemorrhoids · Phase 4
- Hepatitis C · Phase 1
- Hernia, Inguinal · Phase 4
- Hip Dislocation · Phase 4
- Hip Fractures · Phase 4
- Hypersensitivity · Phase 4
- Hypospadias · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Hypotension · Phase 4
- Hysterectomy, Vaginal · Phase 4
- Immune System · Phase 1
- Infections · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Inflammation · Phase 4
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · Phase 4
- Injection Site Reaction · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Intervertebral Disc Degeneration · Phase 4
- Intestinal Diseases · Phase 4
- Intestinal Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Intestinal Polyps · Phase 4
- Knee Prosthesis · Early Phase 1
- Lacerations · Phase 4
- Laparoscopy · Phase 4
- Lidocaine · Phase 3
- Linear Energy Transfer · Phase 4
- Lipectomy · Phase 4
- Lumbar Vertebrae · Phase 4
- Lung Diseases · Phase 4
- Lung Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Lung Transplantation · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Mandibular Nerve Injuries · Phase 1
- Mastectomy, Radical · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Mastodynia · Phase 4
- Meningioma · Phase 4
- Molar, Third · Phase 4
- Morphine · Phase 4
- Mouth Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Musculoskeletal Diseases · Phase 4
- Musculoskeletal Pain · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Mydriasis · Phase 4
- Myoma · Phase 4
- Narcotics · Phase 4
- Nasal Polyps · Phase 4
- Nasal Septal Perforation · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Neoplasm Metastasis · Phase 3
- Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Nephrostomy, Percutaneous · Phase 4
- Nerve Block · Phase 4
- Nerve Fibers · Phase 4
- Neuralgia · Phase 4
- Neurodegenerative Diseases · Phase 1/Phase 2
- No-Reflow Phenomenon · Phase 4
- Obesity · Early Phase 1
- Obstetric Labor Complications · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Ophthalmology · Phase 4
- Opioid-Related Disorders · Phase 4
- Oral Hemorrhage · Phase 4
- Osteoarthritis · Phase 4
- Osteoarthritis, Hip · Phase 4
- Osteoarthritis, Knee · Phase 4
- Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest · Phase 4
- Pain · Phase 4
- Pain Management · Phase 4
- Pancreatitis · Phase 4
- Paralysis · Phase 4
- Parathyroid Neoplasms · Early Phase 1
- Pediatric Dentistry · Phase 4
- Perfusion · Phase 4
- Periodontitis · Phase 4
- Pharmacokinetics · Phase 4
- Phytotherapy · Phase 4
- Pituitary Diseases · Phase 4
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant · Early Phase 1
- Postoperative Hemorrhage · Phase 4
- Postoperative Pain · Phase 4
- Pregnancy · Phase 4
- Procedural Pain · Phase 4
- Prostatic Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Pterygium · Phase 4
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension · Phase 4
- Pulpitis · Phase 4
- Radiculopathy · Phase 4
- Rectal Fistula · Phase 4
- Referred Pain · Phase 2
- Respiratory Sounds · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections · Phase 4
- Respiratory Tract Infections · Phase 1
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial · Phase 3
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal · Phase 3
- Rhinoplasty · Phase 3
- Ropivacaine · Phase 3
- Rotator Cuff Injuries · Phase 4
- Sepsis · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Shock · Phase 4
- Shock, Cardiogenic · Phase 4
- Shock, Septic · Phase 3
- Shoulder Impingement Syndrome · Phase 4
- Shoulder Injuries · Phase 4
- Shoulder Pain · Phase 4
- Sinusitis · Phase 4
- Skin Neoplasms · Early Phase 1
- Snake Bites · Phase 4
- Soft Tissue Injuries · Phase 2
- Spinal Fusion · Phase 4
- Spinal Injuries · Phase 4
- Spinal Stenosis · Phase 4
- Spondylolisthesis · Phase 4
- Spondylosis · Phase 4
- ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction · Phase 4
- Sternotomy · Phase 4
- Stomach Neoplasms · Phase 4
- Stomatitis · Phase 1
- Stomatognathic Diseases · Phase 3
- Surgery, Oral · Phase 2
- Surgical Wound Infection · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Synovial Cyst · Phase 4
- Tachycardia · Phase 4
- Tachycardia, Ventricular · Phase 2
- Thoracic Diseases · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Thoracic Surgery · Phase 4
- Thyroid Diseases · Phase 2
- Thyroid Gland · Early Phase 1
- Thyroid Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Tooth · Phase 4
- Tooth Abnormalities · Phase 4
- Tooth Extraction · Phase 4
- Tooth, Impacted · Phase 4
- Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn · Phase 1
- Trigger Finger Disorder · Phase 4
- Urinary Incontinence, Stress · Phase 4
- Urination Disorders · Phase 4
- Urticaria · Phase 2
- Uterine Diseases · Phase 3
- Varicose Veins · Phase 4
- Venous Thromboembolism · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Ventricular Fibrillation · Phase 4
- Wounds and Injuries · Phase 2
Mechanism of action
Combination products
citanest forte dental
with prilocaine
Also known as citanest forte
duranest
with etidocaine
marcaine hydrochloride w/ epinephrine preservative free
with levobupivacaine
Also known as bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine, marcaine hydrochloride w/ epinephrine, sensorcaine
septocaine
with articaine
Also known as orabloc, ultacan, ultacan forte
xylocaine dental with epinephrine
with lidocaine
Also known as alphacaine hydrochloride w/ epinephrine, iontocaine, lidocaton, lidosite topical system, lignospan forte, lignospan standar, octocaine, xylocaine w/ epinephrine
Approval history
- approvedNov 19, 1948
- approvedApr 20, 1896
Chemistry & pharmacology
SMILES
CNC[C@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1- Mol. weight
- 183.21 g/mol
- Lipinski Ro5
- Pass
- Rule of 3
- No
- Chirality
- Single Stereoisomer
- Inorganic
- No
- Polymer
- No
- Delivery
- Parenteral, Topical
- Availability
- Over the Counter
Oral
No
Parenteral
Yes
Topical
Yes
Sources
- ChEMBLCHEMBL679 ↗
- WikipediaAdrenaline ↗
- NCATSYKH834O4BH ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL3183376 ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1256958 ↗
- WikipediaNorepinephrine ↗
Also known as
- (-)-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
- (-)-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
- 4-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
- 4-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
- adrenaclick
- adrenaclick
- adrenalilne
- adrenalin
- adrenalin
- adrenaline
- adrenaline
- adrenaline
- adrenaline
- (-)-adrenaline
- (-)-adrenaline
- (-)-adrenaline
- (−)-adrenaline
- (−)-adrenaline
- adrenaline bitartrate
- adrenaline bitartrate
- adren co
- ana-guard
- ana-guard
- ana-kit
- ana-kit
- anapen
- anaphylactic shock drug kit
- asma-vydrin
- asthmahaler
- asthmahaler
- auvi-q
- auvi-q
- bronkaid mist
- bronkaid mist
- brovon
- emerade
- ephephrine
- epi e z pen jr
- epi e z pen jr
- epinefrin
- epinefrin
- epinefrina
- epinefrina
- epinephrin
- epinephrin
- epinephrin
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- epinephrine
- (-)-epinephrine bitartrate
- (-)-epinephrine bitartrate
- epinephrine bitartrate
- epinephrine bitartrate
- epinephrine bitartrate
- epinephrine bitartrate
- epinephrine hcl
- epinephrine hcl
- epinephrine hydrochloride
- epinephrinum
- epinephrinum
- epipen
- epipen
- epipen
- epipen e z pen
- epipen e z pen
- epipen jr
- epipen jr
- epipen jr.
- epipen jr.
- eppy
- eppy
- gppe inh soln
- jext
- l-adrenaline
- l-adrenaline
- l-epinephrine
- l-epinephrine
- levoepinephrine
- levoepinephrine
- levo-methylaminoethanolcatechol
- levo-methylaminoethanolcatechol
- nephridine
- primatene
- primatene
- primatene
- primatene mist
- primatene mist
- (r)-(-)-adnephrine
- (r)-(-)-adnephrine
- (r)-(-)-adrenaline
- (r)-(-)-adrenaline
- (r)-(−)-adrenaline
- (r)-(−)-adrenaline
- renoform
- (-)-(r)-epinephrine
- (-)-(r)-epinephrine
- (r)-(-)-epinephrine
- (r)-(-)-epinephrine
- (r)-(-)-epirenamine
- (r)-(-)-epirenamine
- riddobron
- riddofan
- rybarvin
- simplene
- simplene
- soln made to rybarvin for
- suprarenin
- sus-phrine
- sus-phrine
- sus-phrine sulfite-free
- sus-phrine sulfite-free
- twinject
- twinject
- twinject 0.15
- twinject 0.15
- twinject 0.3
- twinject 0.3
- vasoconstrictine
Clinical trials
| NCT ID | Phase | Start date | Sponsor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07267650 | N/A | Jan 1, 2026 | Turgutlu State Hospital |
| NCT07231614 | Phase 4 | Dec 20, 2025 | Universidad Austral de Chile |
| NCT07222241 | N/A | Dec 1, 2025 | University of Pennsylvania |
| NCT07301528 | N/A | Dec 1, 2025 | Kutahya City Hospital |
| NCT07097493 | Phase 4 | Dec 1, 2025 | Atrium Medical Center, Wake Forest University |
| NCT07068243 | Phase 2 | Nov 30, 2025 | Duke University |
| NCT07092566 | Phase 3 | Nov 14, 2025 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Wake Forest University |
| NCT07228325 | Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2) | Nov 3, 2025 | Nasus Pharma, Pharma Medica |
| NCT07210320 | Phase 1 | Oct 24, 2025 | Insignis Therapeutics, Inc., Washington University in St. Louis |
| NCT07213635 | Phase 4 | Oct 20, 2025 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| NCT07144267 | N/A | Oct 1, 2025 | Mansoura University |
| NCT07113600 | N/A | Aug 31, 2025 | Cairo University |
| NCT07038746 | Phase 1 | Aug 25, 2025 | Kokua Pharma Inc. |
| NCT07089251 | Phase 4 | Jul 15, 2025 | King Abdullah Medical City |
| NCT07073209 | N/A | Jul 10, 2025 | Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital |
| NCT06927999 | Phase 2 | Jul 9, 2025 | ARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
| NCT07066306 | N/A | Jun 21, 2025 | Bezmialem University |
| NCT07045701 | Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3) | Jun 12, 2025 | Hebrew University, Nasus Pharma |
| NCT06960317 | N/A | Jun 4, 2025 | University of California, San Diego |
| NCT07273526 | N/A | Jun 1, 2025 | University of Health Sciences Lahore |
Organizations
Research & Development (420)
| Organization | Org type | Trials | As lead sponsor | Phases | Earliest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aarhus University | Academic/Hospital | 15 | 11 | 4 | 2001 |
| Cairo University | Academic/Hospital | 15 | 13 | 4 | 2016 |
| University of Toronto | Academic/Hospital | 11 | 10 | 3 | 2009 |
| Amphastar Pharmaceuticals | For profit | 10 | 10 | 3 | 2009 |
| University of Copenhagen | Academic/Hospital | 10 | 8 | 4 | 2001 |
| Assiut University | Academic/Hospital | 9 | 9 | 3 | 2016 |
| Wake Forest University | Academic/Hospital | 9 | 9 | 4 | 2015 |
| Mayo Clinic | Academic/Hospital | 7 | 7 | 3 | 2006 |
| Seoul National University | Academic/Hospital | 7 | 7 | 3 | 2008 |
| University of California, Irvine | Academic/Hospital | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2005 |
| University of California, San Diego | Academic/Hospital | 7 | 7 | 2 | 2018 |
| Mansoura University | Academic/Hospital | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2014 |
| Orebro University | Academic/Hospital | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2005 |
| University of Western Ontario | Academic/Hospital | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2013 |
| Ain Shams University | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2014 |
| Capital Medical University | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2016 |
| Chinese University of Hong Kong | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2015 |
| Cornell University | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2005 |
| Hospitalsenhed Midt | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2014 |
| Indiana University | Academic/Hospital | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2003 |
Marketing (69)
| Organization | Org type | Relationship | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3M | For profit | NDA2 | Mar 9, 1956 |
| ARS PHARMS OPERATION | For profit | MKTG | Aug 9, 2024 |
| Abbott | For profit | MKTG | Dec 20, 1972 |
| Adamis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | For profit | NDA2 | Jun 15, 2017 |
| Allergan PLC (2015) | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 7, 2018 |
| American Home Products | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 8, 1967 |
| Amneal Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Oct 14, 2025 |
| Armstrong Pharmaceuticals | For profit | NDA2 | May 23, 1984 |
| Armstrong Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | May 23, 1984 |
| AstraZeneca | For profit | MKTG | Nov 28, 1972 |
| AstraZeneca | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 18, 1965 |
| B. Braun | For profit | MKTG | Sep 8, 2021 |
| B. Braun | For profit | SYN | Sep 8, 2021 |
| BPI | For profit | MKTG | Jul 29, 2014 |
| BPI | For profit | NDA2 | Jul 29, 2014 |
| Baxalta | For profit | MKTG | Feb 28, 2025 |
| Belcher Pharmaceuticals | For profit | NDA2 | Jul 29, 2014 |
| Belcher Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jul 29, 2014 |
| Belmar Pharmacy | For profit | MKTG | Nov 26, 1973 |
| Belmora | Academic/Hospital | MKTG | Feb 23, 1972 |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb | For profit | NDA2 | Apr 21, 2023 |
| Carlisle | For profit | MKTG | Jan 16, 1976 |
| Daiichi Sankyo | For profit | MKTG | Jul 6, 2018 |
| Del Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Mar 18, 1975 |
| Dentsply International | For profit | MKTG | Nov 19, 1948 |
| Dentsply International | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 19, 1948 |
| Deproco | For profit | MKTG | Jan 22, 1985 |
| Deproco | For profit | NDA2 | Apr 3, 2000 |
| Empi | For profit | MKTG | Oct 26, 2004 |
| Empi | For profit | NDA2 | Oct 26, 2004 |
| Endo Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Dec 7, 2012 |
| Forest Laboratories | For profit | NDA2 | Jun 8, 1951 |
| Fresenius | For profit | MKTG | Nov 19, 1948 |
| Fresenius | For profit | NDA | Nov 19, 1948 |
| Gland Pharma Ltd | For profit | MKTG | Feb 6, 2025 |
| HansaBioMed | For profit | MKTG | Jul 11, 2017 |
| Hikma | For profit | MKTG | May 29, 2026 |
| Hospira | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 29, 2017 |
| Hospira | For profit | MKTG | Sep 13, 1985 |
| Impax Laboratories | For profit | NDA2 | May 30, 2003 |
| International Medication | For profit | MKTG | Feb 4, 1980 |
| International Medication | For profit | SYN | Apr 24, 2020 |
| International Medication | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 15, 2022 |
| Kaleo | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 10, 2012 |
| Kodak | For profit | MKTG | Feb 26, 1993 |
| Lonza | For profit | MKTG | Jul 11, 2017 |
| Lutipold | For profit | MKTG | Jul 6, 2018 |
| Mylan | For profit | NDA2 | Dec 22, 1987 |
| PH HEALTH | For profit | MKTG | Dec 7, 2012 |
| Par Pharmaceuticals | For profit | NDA2 | Dec 7, 2012 |
| Pfizer | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 5, 2019 |
| Pfizer | For profit | MKTG | Mar 17, 2021 |
| Pharmaton | For profit | MKTG | Aug 17, 1983 |
| Pierrel Research | For profit | MKTG | Feb 26, 2010 |
| Pierrel Research | For profit | NDA2 | Feb 26, 2010 |
| Sankyo | For profit | MKTG | Jul 6, 2018 |
| Septodont | For profit | MKTG | Sep 9, 1980 |
| Septodont | For profit | SYN | Aug 30, 2011 |
| Sterling Drug | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 11, 1969 |
| Sterling-Winthrop | For profit | NDA2 | Aug 11, 1969 |
| Teva | For profit | MKTG | Aug 16, 2018 |
| Viatris | For profit | MKTG | Dec 22, 1987 |
| Vyteris | For profit | MKTG | May 6, 2004 |
| Vyteris | For profit | NDA2 | May 6, 2004 |
| Watson Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Feb 20, 1974 |
| West-Ward Pharmaceutical | For profit | MKTG | Mar 13, 1972 |
| Wyeth | For profit | NDA2 | Nov 8, 1967 |
| iOMEDICO AG | For profit | MKTG | Dec 21, 1995 |
| iOMEDICO AG | For profit | NDA2 | Dec 21, 1995 |