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norepinephrine

Trade name: levophed

Small moleculeapproved

Approved

Jul 13, 1950

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline and sold under the brand name Levophed among others, is a medication used to treat people with very low blood pressure. It is the typical medication used in sepsis if low blood pressure does not improve following intravenous fluids. It is the same molecule as the hormone and neurotransmitter norepinephrine. It is given by slow injection into a vein. — Wikipedia

Clinical trial activity

231 trials · 225 clinical orgs · 29 marketing orgs

Phase 1
14
Phase 2
44
Phase 3
41
Phase 4
64

Earliest trial started Oct 1, 1999 (NCT01456208)

Timeline

1950s

  1. Jul 13, 1950

    Hospira — Earliest FDA Approval

  2. Jul 13, 1950

    Hospira — NDA Secondary Org

  3. Jul 13, 1950

    Hospira — NDA Organization

  4. Sep 19, 1952

    Kodak — NDA Secondary Org

1990s

  1. Jan 1, 1999

    Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)

2000s

  1. Jan 1, 2003

    Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)

  2. Mar 3, 2003

    Teva — Marketing Organization

  3. Mar 3, 2003

    Eu Yan Sang — Marketing Organization

  4. Mar 3, 2003

    Meitheal — Marketing Organization

  5. Oct 31, 2003

    West-Ward Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization

  6. Sep 30, 2004

    Metrics Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization

  7. Jan 1, 2005

    Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)

2010s

  1. Mar 27, 2012

    Baxalta — Marketing Organization

  2. Oct 4, 2018

    Mylan — Marketing Organization

  3. Oct 18, 2018

    Sandoz — Marketing Organization

  4. Oct 18, 2018

    Novartis — Marketing Organization

  5. Nov 7, 2018

    Hikma — Marketing Organization

  6. Dec 17, 2018

    Amneal Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

2020s

  1. Nov 3, 2020

    Fresenius — Marketing Organization

  2. Jan 15, 2021

    Takeda — NDA Secondary Org

  3. Jan 22, 2021

    Esteve Labs — Marketing Organization

  4. Jan 29, 2021

    Sun Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

  5. May 6, 2021

    Gland Pharma Ltd — Marketing Organization

  6. May 6, 2021

    Fosun — Marketing Organization

  7. Jul 19, 2022

    Zydus Discovery DMCC — Marketing Organization

  8. Sep 15, 2022

    Inforlife — Marketing Organization

  9. Sep 15, 2022

    Inforlife — NDA Secondary Org

  10. Oct 6, 2022

    LONG GROVE PHARMS — Marketing Organization

  11. Oct 6, 2022

    LONG GROVE PHARMS — NDA Secondary Org

  12. Sep 15, 2023

    Caplin Point Laboratories — Marketing Organization

  13. May 13, 2024

    Rising Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

  14. Jan 31, 2025

    Aspiro — Marketing Organization

  15. Mar 21, 2025

    Biocon Limited — Marketing Organization

  16. Aug 11, 2025

    Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc. — Marketing Organization

  17. Nov 25, 2025

    ANTHEA PHARMA — Marketing Organization

  18. Dec 11, 2025

    MSN Laboratories — Marketing Organization

Indications

Approved for

Studied for

Mechanism of action

Combination products

Approval history

  • approvedPriority reviewJul 13, 1950

Chemistry & pharmacology

Loading structure…

SMILES

NC[C@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1
Mol. weight
169.18 g/mol
Lipinski Ro5
Pass
Rule of 3
No
Chirality
Single Stereoisomer
Inorganic
No
Polymer
No
Delivery
Parenteral
Availability
Prescription Only

Oral

No

Parenteral

Yes

Topical

No

Black box warning

Sources

Also known as

  • 4-[(1r)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
  • 4-[(1r)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
  • adrenor
  • adrenor
  • aktamin
  • aktamin
  • arterenol
  • arterenol
  • arterenol
  • (-)-arterenol
  • (-)-arterenol
  • dl-norepinephrine
  • levarterenol
  • levarterenol bitartrate
  • levarterenol bitartrate
  • levarterenol bitartrate
  • levophed
  • levophed
  • levophed
  • levophed
  • levophed
  • l-noradrenaline
  • l-noradrenaline
  • l-norepinephrine
  • l-norepinephrine
  • noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • (-)-noradrenaline
  • (-)-noradrenaline
  • (-)-noradrenaline
  • nor-adrenaline
  • nor-adrenaline
  • noradrenaline bitartrate
  • noradrenaline bitartrate
  • norepinefrina
  • norepinefrina
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • (-)-norepinephrine
  • (-)-norepinephrine
  • nor-epinephrine
  • norepinephrine bitartrate
  • norepinephrine bitartrate
  • norepinephrine bitartrate
  • norepinephrine bitartrate
  • norepinephrine hcl
  • norepinephrinum
  • norepinephrinum
  • (r)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
  • (r)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
  • (r)-norepinephrine
  • (r)-norepinephrine
  • (r)-norepinephrine
  • (r)-(-)-norepinephrine
  • (r)-(-)-norepinephrine
  • r-norepinephrine
  • r-norepinephrine

Clinical trials

NCT IDPhaseStart dateSponsor(s)
NCT06921473Phase 4Sep 1, 2025Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
NCT07077265N/AAug 31, 2025Cairo University
NCT06158035N/AJul 1, 2025Ningxia Medical University
NCT07022730N/AJun 22, 2025Cairo University
NCT06977659Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2)May 20, 2025Mahidol University, Siriraj Hospital
NCT06158009N/AApr 1, 2025Ningxia Medical University
NCT06930235N/AMar 13, 2025Sohag University
NCT07259655Phase 4Mar 6, 2025Rouen Normandy University
NCT06802224Phase 4Mar 1, 2025Duke University, Henry Ford Health System, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), The University of Texas, Dallas, University of California, San Francisco, University of Maryland, University of Michigan, University of Virginia, University of Washington, Wake Forest University
NCT06746753Phase 4Mar 1, 2025Atrium Medical Center, Wake Forest University
NCT06508359N/AMar 1, 2025Ningxia Medical University
NCT06853574N/AFeb 28, 2025General and Teaching Hospital Celje
NCT07153601N/AFeb 7, 2025Universitas Sumatera Utara
NCT06615102Phase 3Jan 31, 2025German Research Foundation, University of Munster
NCT06158022N/AJan 1, 2025Ningxia Medical University
NCT06158048N/AJan 1, 2025Ningxia Medical University
NCT06836986N/ADec 31, 2024Dow University of Health Sciences
NCT06464510Phase 3Oct 31, 2024Brazilian Research In Intensive Care Network, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Hcor Research Institute, Hospital do Coracao
NCT06574555Phase 4Oct 31, 2024Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
NCT06711432N/ASep 18, 2024Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Showing 20 of 231 trials
Page 1 / 12

Organizations

Research & Development (225)

OrganizationOrg typeTrialsAs lead sponsorPhasesEarliest year
Cairo UniversityAcademic/Hospital191942017
Ningxia Medical UniversityAcademic/Hospital141412019
Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, IndiaAcademic/Hospital5512012
Tanta UniversityAcademic/Hospital5512021
Tunis UniversityAcademic/Hospital5512016
University of GothenburgAcademic/Hospital5522014
Assiut UniversityAcademic/Hospital4432017
Capital Medical UniversityAcademic/Hospital4422017
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiAcademic/Hospital4412016
Jiao Tong UniversityAcademic/Hospital4322013
University of Sao PauloAcademic/Hospital4422012
Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesAcademic/Hospital3222023
Harvard UniversityAcademic/Hospital3321999
National Institutes of Health (NIH)Government3032003
People's Liberation Army of ChinaGovernment3112013
ProCertus BioPharm, IncFor profit3322011
University of EdinburghAcademic/Hospital3222009
University of LondonAcademic/Hospital3122018
Ain Shams UniversityAcademic/Hospital2212017
Algemeen Ziekenhuis Maria MiddelaresAcademic/Hospital2212019
225 organizations
Page 1 / 12

Marketing (35)

OrganizationOrg typeRelationshipDate
ANTHEA PHARMAFor profitMKTGNov 25, 2025
Amneal PharmaceuticalsFor profitMKTGDec 17, 2018
Amneal PharmaceuticalsFor profitSYNDec 17, 2018
AspiroFor profitMKTGJan 31, 2025
BaxaltaFor profitMKTGMar 27, 2012
Biocon LimitedFor profitMKTGMar 21, 2025
Caplin Point LaboratoriesFor profitMKTGSep 15, 2023
Esteve LabsFor profitMKTGJan 22, 2021
Eu Yan SangFor profitMKTGMar 3, 2003
FosunFor profitMKTGMay 6, 2021
FreseniusFor profitMKTGNov 3, 2020
Gland Pharma LtdFor profitMKTGMay 6, 2021
Gland Pharma LtdFor profitSYNMay 6, 2021
HikmaFor profitMKTGNov 7, 2018
HospiraFor profitNDA2Jul 13, 1950
HospiraFor profitNDAJul 13, 1950
InforlifeFor profitMKTGSep 15, 2022
InforlifeFor profitNDA2Sep 15, 2022
KodakFor profitNDA2Sep 19, 1952
LONG GROVE PHARMSFor profitMKTGOct 6, 2022
LONG GROVE PHARMSFor profitNDA2Oct 6, 2022
MSN LaboratoriesFor profitMKTGDec 11, 2025
MeithealFor profitMKTGMar 3, 2003
Metrics PharmaceuticalFor profitMKTGSep 30, 2004
MylanFor profitMKTGOct 4, 2018
NovartisFor profitMKTGOct 18, 2018
Rising PharmaceuticalsFor profitMKTGMay 13, 2024
Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc.For profitMKTGAug 11, 2025
SandozFor profitMKTGOct 18, 2018
SandozFor profitSYNOct 18, 2018
Sun PharmaceuticalsFor profitMKTGJan 29, 2021
TakedaFor profitNDA2Jan 15, 2021
TevaFor profitMKTGMar 3, 2003
West-Ward PharmaceuticalFor profitMKTGOct 31, 2003
Zydus Discovery DMCCFor profitMKTGJul 19, 2022