dipyridamole
Trade name: persantine
Approved
Dec 6, 1961
Dipyridamole, a non-nitrate coronary vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation, is combined with other anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin, to prevent thrombosis in patients with valvular or vascular disorders. Dipyridamole is also used in myocardial perfusion imaging, as an antiplatelet agent, and in combination with aspirin for stroke prophylaxis. Dipyridamole likely inhibits both adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase, preventing the degradation of cAMP, an inhibitor of platelet function. This elevation in cAMP blocks the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and reduces thromboxane A2 activity. Dipyridamole also directly stimulates the release of prostacyclin, which induces adenylate cyclase activity, thereby raising the intraplatelet concentration of cAMP and further inhibiting platelet aggregation. Used for as an adjunct to coumarin anticoagulants in the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications of cardiac valve replacement and also used in prevention of angina. — NCATS
Clinical trial activity
68 trials · 57 clinical orgs · 33 marketing orgs
Earliest trial started Dec 1, 1979 (NCT00000496)
Timeline
1960s
- Dec 6, 1961
Boehringer Ingelheim — Earliest FDA Approval
- Dec 6, 1961
Boehringer Ingelheim — NDA Organization
- Dec 6, 1961
Boehringer Ingelheim — NDA Secondary Org
1970s
- Jan 1, 1979
Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)
1980s
- Sep 29, 1980
Barr Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Feb 12, 1982
Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Mar 10, 1982
Ani Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 1, 1986
Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)
- Jan 3, 1989
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
1990s
- Feb 25, 1992
IDT Australia Ltd. — Marketing Organization
- Oct 18, 1996
Hikma — Marketing Organization
- Oct 18, 1996
West-Ward Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
- Nov 26, 1997
Teva — Marketing Organization
- Dec 19, 1997
Hospira — Marketing Organization
- Apr 13, 1998
Athenex, Inc. — Marketing Organization
- Apr 13, 1998
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Sep 30, 1998
Fresenius — Marketing Organization
- Jan 1, 1999
Boehringer Ingelheim — Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)
2000s
- Jan 3, 2000
Puracap Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
- Nov 27, 2002
Mylan — Marketing Organization
- Nov 27, 2002
Eugia Pharma — Marketing Organization
- Apr 21, 2006
Oxford Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Feb 13, 2007
Murty Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Feb 13, 2007
Rising Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jul 18, 2007
Impax Laboratories — Marketing Organization
- Apr 23, 2008
Genus Oncology, LLC — Marketing Organization
- Apr 23, 2008
Lannett Company, Inc. — Marketing Organization
- Apr 23, 2008
ANDA Repository — Marketing Organization
2010s
- Mar 8, 2016
Amneal Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2017
Par Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2017
Sandoz — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2017
Endo Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2017
Bristol-Myers Squibb — Marketing Organization
- Jan 18, 2017
Novartis — Marketing Organization
- Aug 29, 2017
Zydus Discovery DMCC — Marketing Organization
- Aug 21, 2018
Sun Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
- Oct 10, 2018
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories — Marketing Organization
2020s
- Aug 11, 2021
Micro Labs Ltd India — Marketing Organization
Indications
Studied for
- Anemia, Sickle Cell · Phase 2
- Angina Pectoris · Phase 3
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary · Phase 4
- Arteriosclerosis · Phase 4
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid · Phase 2
- Atherosclerosis · Phase 4
- Atrial Fibrillation · Phase 2
- Bipolar Disorder · Phase 4
- Brain Ischemia · Phase 4
- Cardiovascular Diseases · Phase 4
- Carotid Artery Diseases · Phase 3
- Carotid Stenosis · Phase 2
- Cerebral Hemorrhage · Phase 3
- Cerebrovascular Disorders · Phase 2
- Cervix Uteri · Phase 3
- Chronic Urticaria · Phase 2
- Coronary Angiography · Early Phase 1
- Coronary Disease · Phase 4
- Coronavirus Infections · Phase 2
- COVID-19 · Phase 3
- Cytokine Release Syndrome · Phase 2
- Diabetes Mellitus · Phase 4
- Dry Eye Syndromes · Phase 2
- Endotoxemia · Phase 4
- Fibrosis · Phase 4
- Healthy Volunteers · Phase 4
- Heart Diseases · Phase 3
- HIV Infections · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Hypertension · Phase 4
- Hypertension, Portal · Phase 4
- Hypophosphatemia · Phase 2
- Ischemic Attack, Transient · Phase 4
- Kidney Transplantation · Phase 2
- Mania · Phase 4
- Myocardial Ischemia · Phase 4
- Osteoarthritis, Knee · Phase 2
- Ovarian Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Pancreatic Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting · Phase 2
- Pterygium · Phase 2
- Purpura · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Reperfusion Injury · Phase 4
- SARS-CoV-2 · Phase 2
- Splenectomy · Phase 4
- Stroke · Phase 3
- Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy · Phase 2
- Vascular Diseases · Phase 2
- Venous Thrombosis · Phase 4
- Vertebral Artery Dissection · Phase 3
- Xerostomia · Phase 2
Mechanism of action
SLC29A1 inhibitor
- 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesteraseINHIBITOR
3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitor
- cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (PDE5A) ↗
- cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A) ↗
- cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A (PDE3A) ↗
- Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma (PDE6H) ↗
- Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma (PDE6G) ↗
- cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (PDE2A) ↗
- High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A (PDE7A) ↗
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A (PDE1A) ↗
- High affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A) ↗
- Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta (PDE6B) ↗
- cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) ↗
- cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) ↗
- Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit delta (PDE6D) ↗
- Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha (PDE6A) ↗
- cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B (PDE3B) ↗
- Cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha' (PDE6C) ↗
- High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B (PDE8B) ↗
- cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) ↗
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B (PDE1B) ↗
- cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C (PDE4C) ↗
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C (PDE1C) ↗
- High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) ↗
- cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7B (PDE7B) ↗
- Phosphodiesterase 5A
- Phosphodiesterase 3A
- Phosphodiesterase 4A
- Phosphodiesterase 7B
- Phosphodiesterase 1A
- Phosphodiesterase 1B
- Phosphodiesterase 2A
- Phosphodiesterase 4B
- Phosphodiesterase 6D
- Phosphodiesterase 1C
- Phosphodiesterase 4D
- Phosphodiesterase 6C
- Phosphodiesterase 3B
- Phosphodiesterase 4C
- Phosphodiesterase 6A
- Phosphodiesterase 7A
- Phosphodiesterase 9A
- Phosphodiesterase 8A
- Phosphodiesterase 8B
- Phosphodiesterase 10A
- Phosphodiesterase 4
- Phosphodiesterase 3
- Phosphodiesterase 1
- Phosphodiesterase; PDE3 & PDE4
- Phosphodiesterases; PDE5 & PDE6
- Phosphodiesterase, PDE1/PDE5
- Phosphodiesterase 6
- Phosphodiesterase 7
- Phosphodiesterase 2 and 5 (PDE2 and PDE5)
- Phosphodiesterase 4 and 5 (PDE4 and PDE5)
- Phosphodiesterase 3 and 5 (PDE3 and PDE5)
- Phosphodiesterase 8
- Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase alpha/beta
- PDE5A/PDE6C
Combination products
aggrenox
with acetylsalicylic acid
Approval history
- approvedDec 6, 1961
Chemistry & pharmacology
SMILES
OCCN(CCO)C1=NC2=C(N=C(N=C2C(=N1)N3CCCCC3)N(CCO)CCO)N4CCCCC4- Mol. weight
- 504.6256 g/mol
- Lipinski Ro5
- 2 violation(s)
- Rule of 3
- No
- Chirality
- Achiral Molecule
- Inorganic
- No
- Polymer
- No
- Delivery
- Oral, Parenteral
- Availability
- Prescription Only
Oral
Yes
Parenteral
Yes
Topical
No
Sources
- WikipediaAcetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole ↗
- NCATS64ALC7F90C ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL932 ↗
- WikipediaDipyridamole ↗
Also known as
- apd405
- apd515
- asasantin
- asasantin
- attia
- cardoxil
- cardoxin
- cerebrovase 100
- cerebrovase 25
- cleridium
- cleridium 150
- cleridium 150
- crx-102
- crx-102
- crx-102
- curantyl
- curantyl
- dipiridamol
- dipiridamol
- dipyramidole
- dipyramidole
- dipyridamine
- dipyridamine
- dipyridamine
- dipyridamol
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamole
- dipyridamolum
- dipyridamolum
- dipyridan
- dipyudamine
- dipyudamine
- dypyridamol
- dypyridamol
- iv persantine
- iv persantine
- modaplate
- ofcram pr
- peridamol
- persantin
- persantin
- persantin
- persantin
- persantin
- persantine
- persantine
- persantine
- persantin ret
- pyridantin
- ra-8
- ra-8
- stenocardil
- stimolcardio
- vasyrol
Clinical trials
| NCT ID | Phase | Start date | Sponsor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07199504 | Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3) | Jul 1, 2025 | Chongqing Medical University |
| NCT06824454 | Phase 2 | Mar 31, 2025 | Stanford University |
| NCT06053021 | N/A | Sep 15, 2023 | Zhejiang University |
| NCT05304455 | N/A | Apr 1, 2022 | Yangzhou University |
| NCT05166876 | Phase 2 | Feb 1, 2022 | Clear Creek Bio, Inc. |
| NCT04666454 | Phase 2 | Dec 31, 2020 | University of Gothenburg, Vastra Gotaland Region |
| NCT04645550 | Phase 4 | Nov 22, 2020 | Yangzhou University |
| NCT04433078 | Phase 2 | Jul 31, 2020 | Temple University |
| NCT04391179 | Phase 2 | Jun 30, 2020 | University of Michigan |
| NCT04410328 | Phase 3 | Jun 21, 2020 | Boehringer Ingelheim, Rutgers University |
| NCT04424901 | Phase 2 | May 3, 2020 | University of Connecticut |
| NCT03354273 | Phase 3 | Jun 8, 2018 | General Electric |
| NCT06268470 | Phase 2 | Jun 1, 2018 | Chulalongkorn University |
| NCT02966119 | Phase 3 | Dec 7, 2016 | Government of France, University of Lille |
| NCT02782260 | Phase 2 | Jul 1, 2016 | Ariel University |
| NCT03591471 | Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2) | Sep 30, 2014 | Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Fudan University, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiao Tong University, Peking University, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine |
| NCT02238444 | Phase 4 | Sep 1, 2014 | Yangzhou University |
| NCT02247414 | Phase 4 | Sep 1, 2014 | Yangzhou University |
| NCT02565693 | Phase 2 | Sep 1, 2014 | Dutch Heart Foundation, Radboud University, Utrecht University, ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development |
| NCT02121756 | Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2) | Jul 1, 2014 | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), University of Pittsburgh |
Organizations
Research & Development (57)
| Organization | Org type | Trials | As lead sponsor | Phases | Earliest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | 16 | 14 | 4 | 1999 |
| Radboud University | Academic/Hospital | 8 | 7 | 3 | 2005 |
| Zalicus | For profit | 5 | 5 | 1 | 2004 |
| Yangzhou University | Academic/Hospital | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2014 |
| National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | Government | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1979 |
| Acacia Pharma Ltd | For profit | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2009 |
| Richmond University | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2007 |
| University of Connecticut | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2002 |
| University of London | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2005 |
| University of Ottawa | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1991 |
| Utrecht University | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1997 |
| Adenobio N.V | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2011 |
| Ariel University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2016 |
| Astellas | For profit | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2008 |
| Cardiovascular Imaging Technologies | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2008 |
| Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicines | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2014 |
| Chongqing Medical University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2025 |
| Chulalongkorn University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2018 |
| Civic Hospital, Italy | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Clear Creek Bio, Inc. | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2022 |
Marketing (43)
| Organization | Org type | Relationship | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANDA Repository | For profit | MKTG | Apr 23, 2008 |
| Amneal Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Mar 8, 2016 |
| Ani Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Mar 10, 1982 |
| Ani Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Mar 10, 1982 |
| Athenex, Inc. | For profit | MKTG | Apr 13, 1998 |
| Barr Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Sep 29, 1980 |
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | NDA | Dec 6, 1961 |
| Boehringer Ingelheim | For profit | NDA2 | Dec 6, 1961 |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Chartwell Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Apr 23, 2008 |
| Chartwell Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Apr 13, 1998 |
| Chartwell Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Mar 20, 2019 |
| Dr. Reddy's Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Oct 10, 2018 |
| Dr. Reddy's Laboratories | For profit | SYN | Nov 26, 1997 |
| Endo Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Eugia Pharma | For profit | MKTG | Nov 27, 2002 |
| Fresenius | For profit | MKTG | Sep 30, 1998 |
| Genus Oncology, LLC | For profit | MKTG | Apr 23, 2008 |
| Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 3, 1989 |
| Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | May 24, 2019 |
| Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | May 24, 2019 |
| Hikma | For profit | MKTG | Oct 18, 1996 |
| Hospira | For profit | MKTG | Dec 19, 1997 |
| IDT Australia Ltd. | For profit | MKTG | Feb 25, 1992 |
| Impax Laboratories | For profit | MKTG | Jul 18, 2007 |
| Lannett Company, Inc. | For profit | MKTG | Apr 23, 2008 |
| Micro Labs Ltd India | For profit | MKTG | Aug 11, 2021 |
| Murty Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Feb 13, 2007 |
| Mylan | For profit | MKTG | Nov 27, 2002 |
| Novartis | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Oxford Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Apr 21, 2006 |
| Par Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Puracap Pharmaceutical | For profit | MKTG | Jan 3, 2000 |
| Rising Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Feb 13, 2007 |
| Sandoz | For profit | MKTG | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Sandoz | For profit | SYN | Jan 18, 2017 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | SYN | Aug 21, 2018 |
| Sun Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Aug 21, 2018 |
| Teva | For profit | MKTG | Nov 26, 1997 |
| Watson Pharmaceuticals | For profit | MKTG | Feb 12, 1982 |
| West-Ward Pharmaceutical | For profit | MKTG | Oct 18, 1996 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | MKTG | Aug 29, 2017 |
| Zydus Discovery DMCC | For profit | SYN | Jan 28, 2008 |