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nicotine

Trade name: nicorette

Small moleculeapproved

Approved

Jan 13, 1984

Nicotine is a natural alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves and stems of the nightshade family of pants, such as Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica, where it occurs in concentrations of 0.5-8%. Cigarette tobacco varies in its nicotine content, but common blends contain 15-25 mg per cigarette, with a current trend towards lower levels. Nicotine is highly addictive substance, it exhibits a stimulant effect when adsorbed at 2 mg. Administration of higher doses could be harmful. Action of nicotine is mediated by nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Nicotine binds to the interface between two subunits of the receptors, opens the channel and allows the entry of sodium or calcium. The principal mediator of nicotine dependence is α4β2 nicotine receptor. — NCATS

Clinical trial activity

838 trials · 362 clinical orgs · 19 marketing orgs

Phase 1
148
Phase 2
184
Phase 3
74
Phase 4
145

Earliest trial started Jun 1, 1992 (NCT00002520)

Timeline

1980s

  1. Jan 13, 1984

    Hoechst — Earliest FDA Approval

  2. Jan 13, 1984

    GlaxoSmithKline — NDA Secondary Org

  3. Jan 13, 1984

    Hoechst — NDA Organization

1990s

  1. Nov 7, 1991

    Sanofi-Aventis — NDA Secondary Org

  2. Nov 7, 1991

    Sanofi — Marketing Organization

  3. Nov 7, 1991

    Sanofi — NDA Secondary Org

  4. Nov 27, 1991

    Dr. Reddy's Laboratories — NDA Secondary Org

  5. Jan 28, 1992

    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems — NDA Secondary Org

  6. Jan 1, 1993

    Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)

  7. Mar 22, 1996

    Pfizer — NDA Secondary Org

  8. Jul 3, 1996

    McNeil — NDA Secondary Org

  9. Jul 3, 1996

    Johnson and Johnson — NDA Secondary Org

  10. Jan 1, 1997

    Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)

  11. May 2, 1997

    Pfizer — Marketing Organization

  12. May 2, 1997

    Pharmacia & Upjohn — NDA Secondary Org

  13. Oct 20, 1997

    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems — Marketing Organization

  14. Jan 1, 1999

    McNeil — Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)

  15. Mar 15, 1999

    Actavis — Marketing Organization

  16. Mar 15, 1999

    P&L Development — Marketing Organization

2000s

  1. Jan 31, 2006

    Perrigo — Marketing Organization

  2. Jun 19, 2007

    GlaxoSmithKline — Marketing Organization

2010s

  1. Jun 4, 2018

    Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

  2. Jul 2, 2018

    Teva — Marketing Organization

  3. Feb 7, 2019

    PL Developments — Marketing Organization

2020s

  1. Jan 8, 2020

    Dr. Reddy's Laboratories — Marketing Organization

  2. Aug 3, 2021

    Aurobindo Pharma — Marketing Organization

  3. Dec 21, 2022

    Fertin Pharma A/S — Marketing Organization

  4. Dec 21, 2022

    Philip Morris — Marketing Organization

Indications

Approved for

Studied for

Mechanism of action

Approval history

  • approvedPriority reviewJan 13, 1984

Chemistry & pharmacology

Loading structure…

SMILES

CN1CCC[C@H]1c1cccnc1.O.O.O=C(O)C(O)C(O)C(=O)O.O=C(O)C(O)C(O)C(=O)O
Mol. weight
498.44 g/mol
Lipinski Ro5
Pass
Rule of 3
Yes
Chirality
Single Stereoisomer
Inorganic
No
Polymer
No
Availability
Over the Counter

Oral

No

Parenteral

No

Topical

No

Sources

Also known as

  • 3-(2-(n-methylpyrrolidinyl))pyridine
  • 3-(2-(n-methylpyrrolidinyl))pyridine
  • 3-(n-methylpyrollidino)pyridine
  • 3-(n-methylpyrollidino)pyridine
  • commit
  • commit
  • habitrol
  • habitrol
  • l-nicotine
  • l(−)-nicotine
  • l(−)-nicotine
  • nicabate
  • nicabate
  • nicoderm
  • nicoderm
  • nicoderm
  • nicoderm cq
  • nicoderm cq
  • nicopass
  • nicopatch
  • nicorette
  • nicorette
  • nicorette
  • nicorette
  • nicorette invisi
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • nicotine
  • (-)-nicotine
  • (−)-nicotine
  • (−)-nicotine
  • nicotine betadex
  • nicotine betadex
  • nicotine bitartrate
  • nicotine bitartrate
  • nicotine bitartrate anhydrous
  • (-)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt
  • (-)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt
  • nicotinell classic
  • nicotinell support
  • nicotinell tts 10
  • nicotinell tts 20
  • nicotinell tts 30
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotine polacrilex
  • nicotrol
  • nicotrol
  • nicotrol inhaler
  • nicotrol inhaler
  • nicotrol ns
  • nicotrol ns
  • niquitin
  • niquitin
  • niquitin clr
  • niquitin minis cherry
  • niquitin minis mint
  • niquitin minis orange
  • niquitin mint
  • niquitin pre-quit
  • niquitin strips mint
  • prostep
  • prostep
  • (s)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
  • (s)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
  • (s)-3-(n-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
  • (s)-3-(n-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
  • (s)-nicotine
  • (s)-nicotine
  • (s)-nicotine
  • (s)-(−)-nicotine
  • (s)-(−)-nicotine
  • stoppers
  • stubit
  • thrive
  • v0116

Clinical trials

NCT IDPhaseStart dateSponsor(s)
NCT07267195N/AJan 31, 2026R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
NCT07165808N/AJan 31, 2026Emory University, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
NCT07099638Phase 2Jan 5, 2026Brown University, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Thomas Jefferson University, University of Oklahoma
NCT07220356Phase 4Dec 15, 2025Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund
NCT06966362Phase 4Dec 1, 2025Department of Veteran Affairs
NCT07213947N/ANov 30, 2025National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), University of Kentucky
NCT07250230N/ANov 30, 2025Henan Provincal People's Hospital
NCT07128329Phase 1Nov 21, 2025Johns Hopkins University, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
NCT07132814N/ANov 15, 2025R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
NCT07148232Phase 4Nov 14, 2025University of California, San Francisco
NCT07075575N/ANov 1, 2025University of Hawaii
NCT07007195Early Phase 1 (Phase 1)Oct 17, 2025Brown University, University of Houston, University of Oklahoma, University of Pittsburgh
NCT07059377Phase 3Sep 30, 2025University of Ottawa
NCT07111234N/ASep 30, 2025Ohio State University
NCT07095140N/ASep 3, 2025Ohio State University
NCT07057440N/AJun 27, 2025University of Copenhagen
NCT06763536N/AJun 13, 2025National Cancer Institute (NCI), Ohio State University
NCT06811038Phase 3Jun 1, 2025National Cancer Institute (NCI), University of Washington
NCT06595459Phase 4May 31, 2025National Institutes of Health (NIH), University of Wisconsin
NCT06931054N/AMay 5, 2025The University of Hong Kong
Showing 20 of 838 trials
Page 1 / 42

Organizations

Research & Development (362)

OrganizationOrg typeTrialsAs lead sponsorPhasesEarliest year
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)Government1562151993
National Cancer Institute (NCI)Government88251992
Duke UniversityAcademic/Hospital474452003
Yale UniversityAcademic/Hospital434241999
National Institutes of Health (NIH)Government41051999
University of Texas at HoustonAcademic/Hospital312851998
Department of Veteran AffairsGovernment291651997
McNeilFor profit292851999
Brown UniversityAcademic/Hospital272051996
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco CompanyFor profit272612006
University of WisconsinAcademic/Hospital272732001
University of MinnesotaAcademic/Hospital241851993
Johns Hopkins UniversityAcademic/Hospital221542008
GlaxoSmithKlineFor profit211842007
University of California, San FranciscoAcademic/Hospital211652001
University of VermontAcademic/Hospital191652003
Ohio State UniversityAcademic/Hospital181842008
University of PennsylvaniaAcademic/Hospital171351999
University of OklahomaAcademic/Hospital161452012
University of TorontoAcademic/Hospital161532005
362 organizations
Page 1 / 19

Marketing (30)

OrganizationOrg typeRelationshipDate
ActavisFor profitMKTGMar 15, 1999
Aurobindo PharmaFor profitMKTGAug 3, 2021
Aurobindo PharmaFor profitSYNAug 3, 2021
Aveva Drug Delivery SystemsFor profitNDA2Jan 28, 1992
Aveva Drug Delivery SystemsFor profitMKTGOct 20, 1997
Dr. Reddy's LaboratoriesFor profitNDA2Nov 27, 1991
Dr. Reddy's LaboratoriesFor profitMKTGJan 8, 2020
Fertin Pharma A/SFor profitMKTGDec 21, 2022
GlaxoSmithKlineFor profitNDA2Jan 13, 1984
GlaxoSmithKlineFor profitSYNOct 31, 2002
GlaxoSmithKlineFor profitMKTGJun 19, 2007
HoechstFor profitNDAJan 13, 1984
Johnson and JohnsonFor profitNDA2Jul 3, 1996
McNeilFor profitNDA2Jul 3, 1996
P&L DevelopmentFor profitMKTGMar 15, 1999
PL DevelopmentsFor profitMKTGFeb 7, 2019
PerrigoFor profitSYNSep 16, 2004
PerrigoFor profitMKTGJan 31, 2006
PfizerFor profitMKTGMay 2, 1997
PfizerFor profitNDA2Mar 22, 1996
Pharmacia & UpjohnFor profitNDA2May 2, 1997
Philip MorrisFor profitMKTGDec 21, 2022
SanofiFor profitMKTGNov 7, 1991
SanofiFor profitNDA2Nov 7, 1991
Sanofi-AventisFor profitNDA2Nov 7, 1991
TevaFor profitSYNFeb 18, 2009
TevaFor profitMKTGJul 2, 2018
TevaFor profitSYNJul 26, 2019
Watson PharmaceuticalsFor profitSYNJul 8, 2009
Watson PharmaceuticalsFor profitMKTGJun 4, 2018