acetylcarnitine
Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. It is naturally produced by the human body, and it is available as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine is broken down in the blood by plasma esterases to carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and energy production. — Wikipedia
Clinical trial activity
37 trials · 54 clinical orgs · 0 marketing orgs
Earliest trial started Oct 1, 1997 (NCT01913964)
Timeline
Indications
Approved for
Studied for
- Acetylcarnitine · Phase 2
- Alcoholism · Phase 1
- Alzheimer Disease · Phase 4
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Anemia, Sickle Cell · Phase 2
- Autonomic Nervous System Diseases · Phase 4
- Bipolar Disorder · Phase 2
- Breast Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Brenner Tumor · Phase 3
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung · Phase 3
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome · Phase 2/Phase 3
- Cognitive Dysfunction · Phase 4
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 · Phase 2
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions · Phase 3
- Fallopian Tube Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Fatigue · Phase 4
- Hamartoma · Phase 3
- Hepatitis C, Chronic · Phase 4
- HIV Infections · Phase 2
- Infertility · Phase 2
- Migraine Disorders · Phase 4
- Multiple Myeloma · Phase 2
- Multiple Sclerosis · Phase 1
- Nerve Degeneration · Phase 3
- Neurotoxicity Syndromes · Phase 3
- Occupational Stress · Phase 3
- Ovarian Neoplasms · Phase 3
- Pain · Phase 3
- Pancreatitis, Chronic · Early Phase 1
- Peripheral Nerve Injuries · Phase 3
- Poisoning · Phase 4
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome · Phase 4
- Polyradiculoneuropathy · Phase 2
- Prostatic Neoplasms · Phase 2
- Quality of Life · Phase 3
- Shock, Septic · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive · Phase 1/Phase 2
- Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy · Phase 4
- Work · Phase 3
- Work Performance · Phase 3
Mechanism of action
- Acetyl-coenzyme A transporter 1ACTIVATOR
SLC33A1 activator
L-Acetylcarnitine is an acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. In addition to its metabolic role, acetyl-L-carnitine posses unique neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neurotrophic properties that may play an important role in counteracting various disease processes. It is able to cross the bloodbrain barrier and enter the blood circulation in the brain. It shows a nicotinic action, principally at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the transmission. It has been demonstrated that acetate moieties of acetyl-L-carnitine play a role in increasing the potency of cholinergic and anticholinergic actions by reacting with the electrophilic or cationic site of the cholinergic receptor. It has also been reported that acetylcarnitine inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase competitively. (Acetylcarnitine competes with NAD+ (Ki = 135 mumol.L-1))
- Unspecified targetOTHER
Unknown
L-Acetylcarnitine is an acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. In addition to its metabolic role, acetyl-L-carnitine posses unique neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neurotrophic properties that may play an important role in counteracting various disease processes. It is able to cross the bloodbrain barrier and enter the blood circulation in the brain. It shows a nicotinic action, principally at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the transmission. It has been demonstrated that acetate moieties of acetyl-L-carnitine play a role in increasing the potency of cholinergic and anticholinergic actions by reacting with the electrophilic or cationic site of the cholinergic receptor. It has also been reported that acetylcarnitine inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase competitively. (Acetylcarnitine competes with NAD+ (Ki = 135 mumol.L-1))
- Unspecified targetUnknown
Unknown
L-Acetylcarnitine is an acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. In addition to its metabolic role, acetyl-L-carnitine posses unique neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neurotrophic properties that may play an important role in counteracting various disease processes. It is able to cross the bloodbrain barrier and enter the blood circulation in the brain. It shows a nicotinic action, principally at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the transmission. It has been demonstrated that acetate moieties of acetyl-L-carnitine play a role in increasing the potency of cholinergic and anticholinergic actions by reacting with the electrophilic or cationic site of the cholinergic receptor. It has also been reported that acetylcarnitine inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase competitively. (Acetylcarnitine competes with NAD+ (Ki = 135 mumol.L-1))
Chemistry & pharmacology
SMILES
CC(=O)O[C@H](CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C- Mol. weight
- 203.24 g/mol
- Lipinski Ro5
- Pass
- Rule of 3
- No
- Chirality
- Single Stereoisomer
- Inorganic
- No
- Polymer
- No
Oral
No
Parenteral
No
Topical
No
Sources
- WikipediaAcetylcarnitine ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1697733 ↗
Also known as
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetylcarnitine
- acetyl l-carnitine
- acetyl l-carnitine
- acetyl-l-carnitine
- acetyl-l-carnitine
- acetyl-l-carnitine
- acetyl-l-carnitine
- acetyl-l-carnitine hydrochloride
- l acetyl carnitine
- l acetyl carnitine
- l-acetylcarnitine
- l-acetylcarnitine
- l-acetylcarnitine
- l-acetyl carnitine
- l-acetyl carnitine
- levocarnitine acetyl
- nicetile
- nicetile
- o-acetylcarnitine
- o-acetylcarnitine
- o-acetylcarnitine
- o-acetyl-l-carnitine
- o-acetyl-l-carnitine
Clinical trials
| NCT ID | Phase | Start date | Sponsor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06126315 | Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3) | Jan 31, 2024 | FightMND, Mario Negri Institute, University of Sydney |
| NCT05653895 | N/A | Dec 7, 2022 | Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Khyber Medical University Peshawer |
| NCT05601479 | Phase 2 | Nov 1, 2022 | Southern Medical University |
| NCT05616000 | Phase 2 | Aug 6, 2022 | Khyber Medical University Peshawar |
| NCT05355311 | Phase 1 | Jun 30, 2022 | Brown University, Colorado State University, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Rhode Island Hospital |
| NCT04623619 | N/A | Dec 15, 2020 | University of Palermo |
| NCT04509258 | Phase 4 | Oct 31, 2020 | Ain Shams University, Cairo University |
| NCT04113889 | Phase 4 | Oct 31, 2019 | Khyber Medical University Peshawar |
| NCT02971878 | N/A | Nov 1, 2016 | Fertilitetscentrum AB, Vitrolife |
| NCT02955706 | Phase 4 | Apr 1, 2016 | Dong-A Pharmaceutical, Konkuk University |
| NCT04346862 | Phase 4 | Jan 26, 2016 | Hanmi Pharmaceutical |
| NCT02141035 | Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3) | Sep 1, 2015 | University of Alberta |
| NCT02538146 | Early Phase 1 (Phase 1) | Aug 1, 2015 | University of Kentucky |
| NCT01921868 | N/A | Aug 1, 2013 | University of South Florida |
| NCT01695317 | Phase 4 | Apr 1, 2013 | Norwegian National Headache Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| NCT01492920 | Phase 3 | Apr 1, 2012 | Gynecologic Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute (NCI) |
| NCT01524861 | Phase 4 | Dec 1, 2011 | University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli |
| NCT01379976 | Phase 3 | Apr 1, 2011 | Mario Negri Institute, University of Perugia |
| NCT01381354 | Phase 1 | Oct 1, 2010 | DJO Incorporated, Pinnaclife Inc., TZ Press, LLC, University of Iowa |
| NCT01537549 | Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2) | Sep 14, 2010 | Cornell University |
Organizations
Research & Development (54)
| Organization | Org type | Trials | As lead sponsor | Phases | Earliest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Catania | Academic/Hospital | 6 | 6 | 3 | 1997 |
| Khyber Medical University Peshawar | Academic/Hospital | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2019 |
| Mario Negri Institute | Academic/Hospital | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2004 |
| National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Government | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2009 |
| Ain Shams University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2020 |
| Bayer | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2008 |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb | For profit | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2003 |
| Brown University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2022 |
| Cairo University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2020 |
| Colorado State University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2022 |
| Cornell University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2010 |
| DJO Incorporated | For profit | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Dong-A Pharmaceutical | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2016 |
| Fertilitetscentrum AB | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2016 |
| FightMND | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2024 |
| Gynecologic Oncology Group | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2012 |
| Hanmi Pharmaceutical | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2016 |
| Indiana University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2009 |
| Jiao Tong University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2008 |
| Khyber Medical University Peshawer | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2022 |