clindamycin

Trade name: cleocin

Small moleculeapproved

Approved

Feb 22, 1970

Clindamycin phosphate is the prodrug of clindamycin with no antimicrobial activity in vitro but can be rapidly converted in vivo to the parent drug, clindamycin, by phosphatase ester hydrolysis. It is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria: Lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess caused by anaerobes; Skin and skin structure infections; Gynecological infections including endometritis, nongonococcal tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic cellulitis, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection caused by susceptible anaerobes; Intra-abdominal infections; Septicemia; Bone and joint infections. Orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been associated with severe colitis, which may end fatally. Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, gram-negative folliculitis, eye pain and contact dermatitis have also been reported in association with the use of topical formulations of clindamycin. Clindamycin has been shown to have neuromuscular blocking properties that may enhance the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents — NCATS

Clinical trial activity

199 trials · 282 clinical orgs · 73 marketing orgs

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Earliest trial started Nov 2, 1999 (NCT00000674)

Timeline

1970s

Feb 22, 1970
Earliest FDA Approval
Feb 22, 1970
Pharmacia & Upjohn — NDA Secondary Org
Feb 22, 1970
Pfizer — Marketing Organization
Feb 22, 1970
Pfizer — NDA Secondary Org

1980s

Jul 9, 1980
Pharmacia & Upjohn — First NDA Organization
Jul 9, 1980
Pharmacia & Upjohn — NDA Organization
Feb 8, 1982
Pharmacia & Upjohn — Marketing Organization
Jul 24, 1987
Alvogen — Marketing Organization
Jul 24, 1987
Almaject — Marketing Organization
Oct 15, 1987
West-Ward Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
Oct 15, 1987
Hikma — Marketing Organization
May 9, 1988
Flaga Group — Marketing Organization
Sep 1, 1988
G & W Laboratories Inc. — Marketing Organization
Oct 20, 1988
Marsam Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Jan 11, 1989
Boca Pharmacal — Marketing Organization
Jun 28, 1989
Vintage — Marketing Organization
Sep 20, 1989
Cosette — Marketing Organization
Sep 20, 1989
Teva — Marketing Organization
Sep 20, 1989
ACP Nimble — Marketing Organization
Dec 22, 1989
Abraxis — NDA Secondary Org
Dec 29, 1989
Baxalta — NDA Secondary Org
Dec 29, 1989
Baxter — NDA Secondary Org

1990s

Jul 31, 1991
Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Sep 30, 1992
Paddock Laboratories — Marketing Organization
Nov 30, 1995
Perrigo — Marketing Organization
Sep 27, 1996
Novast Labs — Marketing Organization
Jul 15, 1997
Wockhardt — Marketing Organization
Jul 15, 1997
Xttrium Laboratories — Marketing Organization
Jan 1, 1999
Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)

2000s

Jan 28, 2000
Fougera — Marketing Organization
Nov 27, 2000
PreCision Dermatology — NDA Secondary Org
Nov 27, 2000
Bausch Health Companies — NDA Secondary Org
Dec 21, 2000
Bausch Health Companies — Marketing Organization
Feb 2, 2001
Sun Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Jun 29, 2001
Abbott — Marketing Organization
Jan 1, 2002
Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)
Aug 26, 2002
Stiefel Laboratories — Marketing Organization
Aug 26, 2002
Stiefel Laboratories — NDA Secondary Org
Jan 1, 2003
Teva — Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)
Mar 22, 2004
Epic Pharma Llc — Marketing Organization
Oct 22, 2004
Mylan — NDA Secondary Org
Nov 30, 2004
Perrigo — NDA Secondary Org
Nov 30, 2004
Padagis Us — NDA Secondary Org
Aug 12, 2005
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Aug 12, 2005
Lannett Company, Inc. — Marketing Organization
Nov 7, 2006
Medicis — Marketing Organization
Mar 29, 2007
Fresenius — Marketing Organization
Oct 23, 2008
Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences — Marketing Organization
Aug 26, 2009
Aurobindo Pharma — Marketing Organization

2010s

Mar 31, 2010
Padagis Us — Marketing Organization
Jun 17, 2010
Akorn, Inc. — Marketing Organization
Jul 16, 2010
Almirall — Marketing Organization
Jul 16, 2010
Almirall — NDA Secondary Org
Sep 30, 2011
Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc. — Marketing Organization
May 31, 2012
Sandoz — Marketing Organization
May 31, 2012
Novartis — Marketing Organization
Aug 28, 2012
Lyne Laboratories — Marketing Organization
Mar 13, 2014
Amneal Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
May 29, 2015
Apax Partners — Marketing Organization
Jun 12, 2015
Allergan PLC (2015) — Marketing Organization
Jun 19, 2015
Actavis — Marketing Organization
Aug 25, 2016
Tolmar Inc. — Marketing Organization
Dec 30, 2016
Pharmaceutical Associates — Marketing Organization
Dec 30, 2016
Teligent Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Apr 20, 2017
Shire — NDA Secondary Org
May 5, 2017
Alembic — Marketing Organization
May 5, 2017
Orit Labs Llc — Marketing Organization
Jun 28, 2017
Shire — Marketing Organization
Oct 10, 2017
Rising Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Oct 10, 2017
Mylan — Marketing Organization
Feb 8, 2018
Glasshouse Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
May 11, 2018
Heritage Pharma — Marketing Organization
May 11, 2018
Emcure — Marketing Organization
May 25, 2018
Taro Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Jul 16, 2018
Zydus Discovery DMCC — Marketing Organization
Jul 16, 2018
Cadila Healthcare — Marketing Organization
Nov 5, 2018
Micro Labs Ltd India — Marketing Organization
Jan 28, 2019
Encube Ethicals Pvt. Ltd. — Marketing Organization
Mar 14, 2019
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Aug 19, 2019
ANDA Repository — Marketing Organization

2020s

Jul 29, 2020
Solaris Pharma Corp — Marketing Organization
Apr 12, 2021
AbbVie — Marketing Organization
Dec 7, 2021
Dare Bioscience — Marketing Organization
Dec 7, 2021
Dare Bioscience — NDA Secondary Org
Feb 10, 2022
Donaldson Company — Marketing Organization

Indications

Studied for

Mechanism of action

Bacterial 70S ribosomeINHIBITOR
Bacterial 70S ribosome inhibitor
23S RRNA

Combination products

benzaclin
with benzoyl peroxide
Also known as acanya, duac, onexton
cabtreo
with adapalene, benzoyl peroxide
ziana
with tretinoin
Also known as veltin

Approval history

approvedFeb 22, 1970

Chemistry & pharmacology

Loading structure…

SMILES

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]2C[C@@H](CCC)CN2C)[C@H](C)Cl)O[C@@H]1SC.Cl

Mol. weight: 699.87 g/mol
Lipinski Ro5: 2 violation(s)
Rule of 3: No
Chirality: Single Stereoisomer
Inorganic: No
Polymer: No
Delivery: Oral
Availability: Prescription Only

Oral

Yes

Parenteral

Topical

Black box warningProdrug

Sources

Also known as

7-cdl
7-cdl
7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin
7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin palmitate
7-chlorolincomycin
7-chlorolincomycin palmitate
7-deoxy-7(s)-chlorolincomycin
7(s)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin
7(s)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin
antirobe
antirobe
benzaclin
benzaclin
chlolincocin
chlorodeoxylincomycin
chlorodeoxylincomycin
chlorolincomycin
chlorolincomycin
cleocin
cleocin
cleocin
cleocin
cleocin palmitate
cleocin phosphate
cleocin phosphate
cleocin t
cleocin t
cleocin (tn)
cleocin (tn)
clincin
clindagel
clindagel
clindagel
clindamicina
clindamicina
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin
clindamycin 2-palmitate
clindamycin-2-phosphate
clindamycin-2-phosphate
clindamycine
clindamycine
clindamycin hcl
clindamycin hcl
clindamycin hcl
clindamycin hydrochloride
clindamycin hydrochloride
clindamycin hydrochloride
clindamycin hydrochloride
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate
clindamycin hydrochloride monohydrate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate
clindamycin palmitate hcl
clindamycin palmitate hcl
clindamycin palmitate hcl
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycin phosphate
clindamycinum
clindamycinum
clindesse
clindesse
clindesse
clindets
clinimycin
dalacin
dalacin
dalacin c
dalacin c
dalacin c
dalacin c phos
dalacine
dalacin t
dalacin t
evoclin
evoclin
idp-110
lindamycin phosphate
methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl-trans-4-propyl-l-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-l-threo-alpha-d-galacto-octopyranoside
methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl-trans-4-propyl-l-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-l-threo-alpha-d-galacto-octopyranoside
onexton
sobelin
sobelin
sobelin
u-21251
u-21251
u-25179e
u-25179e
u-25179-e
u-25179-e
u-28508
u-28508
zindaclin
zindaclin

Clinical trials

NCT ID	Phase	Start date	Sponsor(s)
NCT07267013	Phase 2	Jan 15, 2026	University of Nantes
NCT06702345	N/A	Mar 1, 2025	GlaxoSmithKline, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Leiden University, University of Cologne, University of Oxford
NCT06841003	Phase 3	Feb 28, 2025	Spaarne Gasthuis, ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
NCT06494072	Phase 4	Aug 22, 2024	Medical College of Wisconsin
NCT05867654	Phase 4	Jul 31, 2024	University of Louisville
NCT06422221	Phase 4	Jul 15, 2024	Santiago de Compostela University, University of Santiago de Compostela
NCT06336824	Phase 3	Jun 28, 2024	Clinical Research Centre, Malaysia, Government of Malaysia
NCT06787885	N/A	May 1, 2024	Fayoum University
NCT06120140	Phase 2	Mar 8, 2024	—
NCT05899140	Phase 4	Feb 1, 2024	University of Munster
NCT07247851	N/A	Jan 10, 2024	Ain Shams University
NCT05846399	Phase 4	Sep 7, 2023	University of Missouri
NCT06616168	Phase 1	Sep 1, 2023	Lviv National Medical University
NCT05762484	N/A	Apr 30, 2023	Erasmus University Rotterdam
NCT06172010	Phase 4	Apr 1, 2023	Alrijne Hospital, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands, Leiden University, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Radboud University, Reade Rheumatology Research Institute, Reinier Haga Orthopedisch Centrum, Rijnstate Hospital, Spaarne Gasthuis, Tergooi Hospital, University of Amsterdam, University of Groningen
NCT05849090	Early Phase 1 (Phase 1)	Mar 27, 2023	University of Utah
NCT06068673	N/A	Mar 1, 2023	Damanhour University
NCT05582434	Early Phase 1 (Phase 1)	Jan 31, 2023	Bausch Health Companies, Wake Forest University
NCT05926869	Phase 2	Aug 1, 2022	Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, University of Karachi
NCT05398679	Phase 4	Jun 1, 2022	University of Barcelona

Showing 20 of 199 trials

Page 1 / 10

Organizations

Research & Development (282)

Organization	Org type	Trials	As lead sponsor	Phases	Earliest year
GlaxoSmithKline	For profit	26	8	5	2004
Stiefel Laboratories	For profit	17	17	4	2004
Bausch Health Companies	For profit	7	5	3	2017
Taro Pharmaceuticals	For profit	6	6	1	2012
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Government	5	5	3	1999
Pfizer	For profit	5	2	4	2005
Leiden University	Academic/Hospital	4	4	2	2018
Perrigo	For profit	4	4	2	2007
Actavis	For profit	3	3	2	2010
Albert Schweitzer Hospital	Academic/Hospital	3	2	2	2002
Cairo University	Academic/Hospital	3	3	3	2016
Catawba Clinical Research	For profit	3	0	2	2015
Duke University	Academic/Hospital	3	3	2	2013
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai	Academic/Hospital	3	3	2	2011
Medicis	For profit	3	1	2	2009
Miguel Hernández University	Academic/Hospital	3	3	1	2013
Northwestern University	Academic/Hospital	3	3	2	2010
Thomas Jefferson University	Academic/Hospital	3	2	2	2013
University of Amsterdam	Academic/Hospital	3	0	3	2012
University of Barcelona	Academic/Hospital	3	1	2	2010

282 organizations

Page 1 / 15

Marketing (111)

Organization	Org type	Relationship	Date
ACP Nimble	For profit	MKTG	Sep 20, 1989
ANDA Repository	For profit	MKTG	Aug 19, 2019
AbbVie	For profit	MKTG	Apr 12, 2021
Abbott	For profit	MKTG	Jun 29, 2001
Abraxis	For profit	NDA2	Dec 22, 1989
Abraxis	For profit	MKTG	—
Actavis	For profit	MKTG	Jun 19, 2015
Actavis	For profit	SYN	Jun 12, 2015
Akorn, Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Jun 17, 2010
Akorn, Inc.	For profit	SYN	Apr 4, 2013
Alembic	For profit	MKTG	May 5, 2017
Allergan PLC (2015)	For profit	MKTG	Jun 12, 2015
Almaject	For profit	MKTG	Jul 24, 1987
Almirall	For profit	MKTG	Jul 16, 2010
Almirall	For profit	NDA2	Jul 16, 2010
Alvogen	For profit	MKTG	Jul 24, 1987
Alvogen	For profit	SYN	Jul 24, 1987
Amneal Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Aug 5, 2022
Amneal Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Mar 13, 2014
Apax Partners	For profit	MKTG	May 29, 2015
Athenex, Inc.	For profit	MKTG	—
Aurobindo Pharma	For profit	MKTG	Aug 26, 2009
Aurobindo Pharma	For profit	SYN	Apr 30, 2013
Bausch Health Companies	For profit	MKTG	Dec 21, 2000
Bausch Health Companies	For profit	NDA2	Nov 27, 2000
Baxalta	For profit	NDA2	Dec 29, 1989
Baxalta	For profit	SYN	Apr 20, 2017
Baxter	For profit	NDA2	Dec 29, 1989
Bedford Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	—
Boca Pharmacal	For profit	MKTG	Jan 11, 1989
Bristol-Myers Squibb	For profit	MKTG	—
Cadila Healthcare	For profit	MKTG	Jul 16, 2018
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Aug 12, 2005
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	May 5, 2017
Cosette	For profit	MKTG	Sep 20, 1989
Dare Bioscience	For profit	MKTG	Dec 7, 2021
Dare Bioscience	For profit	NDA2	Dec 7, 2021
Donaldson Company	For profit	MKTG	Feb 10, 2022
Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences	For profit	MKTG	Oct 23, 2008
Emcure	For profit	MKTG	May 11, 2018
Encube Ethicals Pvt. Ltd.	For profit	MKTG	Jan 28, 2019
Encube Ethicals Pvt. Ltd.	For profit	SYN	Mar 11, 2021
Epic Pharma Llc	For profit	MKTG	Mar 22, 2004
Flaga Group	For profit	MKTG	May 9, 1988
Fougera	For profit	MKTG	Jan 28, 2000
Fougera	For profit	SYN	Jun 5, 1997
Fresenius	For profit	MKTG	Mar 29, 2007
G & W Laboratories Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Sep 1, 1988
Glasshouse Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Feb 8, 2018
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Mar 14, 2019
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Feb 10, 2021
Heritage Pharma	For profit	MKTG	May 11, 2018
Hikma	For profit	MKTG	Oct 15, 1987
Lannett Company, Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Aug 12, 2005
Lannett Company, Inc.	For profit	SYN	Aug 12, 2005
Lyne Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	Aug 28, 2012
Marsam Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Oct 20, 1988
Medicis	For profit	MKTG	Nov 7, 2006
Micro Labs Ltd India	For profit	MKTG	Nov 5, 2018
Mylan	For profit	NDA2	Oct 22, 2004
Mylan	For profit	SYN	Oct 22, 2004
Mylan	For profit	MKTG	Oct 10, 2017
Novartis	For profit	MKTG	May 31, 2012
Novast Labs	For profit	MKTG	Sep 27, 1996
Orit Labs Llc	For profit	MKTG	May 5, 2017
Padagis Us	For profit	MKTG	Mar 31, 2010
Padagis Us	For profit	MKTG	Sep 30, 1992
Padagis Us	For profit	NDA2	Nov 30, 2004
Paddock Laboratories	For profit	SYN	Jul 7, 2010
Paddock Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	Sep 30, 1992
Perrigo	For profit	NDA2	Nov 30, 2004
Perrigo	For profit	SYN	Mar 31, 2010
Perrigo	For profit	SYN	Sep 30, 1996
Perrigo	For profit	SYN	Jun 26, 2012
Perrigo	For profit	MKTG	Nov 30, 1995
Pfizer	For profit	MKTG	Feb 22, 1970
Pfizer	For profit	NDA2	Feb 22, 1970
Pharmaceutical Associates	For profit	MKTG	Dec 30, 2016
Pharmacia & Upjohn	For profit	NDA2	Feb 22, 1970
Pharmacia & Upjohn	For profit	NDA	Jul 9, 1980
Pharmacia & Upjohn	For profit	MKTG	Feb 8, 1982
PreCision Dermatology	For profit	NDA2	Nov 27, 2000
Rising Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Oct 10, 2017
Rising Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Oct 10, 2017
SOLOPAK	For profit	MKTG	—
Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Sep 30, 2011
Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	For profit	SYN	Sep 30, 2011
Sandoz	For profit	MKTG	May 31, 2012
Shire	For profit	NDA2	Apr 20, 2017
Shire	For profit	MKTG	Jun 28, 2017
Solaris Pharma Corp	For profit	MKTG	Jul 29, 2020
Stiefel Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	Aug 26, 2002
Stiefel Laboratories	For profit	NDA2	Aug 26, 2002
Sun Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Feb 2, 2001
Taro Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	May 25, 2018
Taro Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Mar 31, 2004
Taro Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Dec 15, 2017
Taro Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Mar 11, 2020
Teligent Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Dec 30, 2016
Teligent Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Dec 30, 2016
Teva	For profit	MKTG	Sep 20, 1989
Teva	For profit	SYN	Dec 29, 1989
Tolmar Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Aug 25, 2016
Vintage	For profit	MKTG	Jun 28, 1989
Watson Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Jul 31, 1991
West-Ward Pharmaceutical	For profit	MKTG	Oct 15, 1987
Wockhardt	For profit	MKTG	Jul 15, 1997
Xttrium Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	Jul 15, 1997
Zydus Discovery DMCC	For profit	MKTG	Jul 16, 2018
Zydus Discovery DMCC	For profit	SYN	Jan 31, 2005
Zydus Discovery DMCC	For profit	SYN	Sep 19, 2023