hydralazine

Trade name: apresoline

Small moleculeapproved

Approved

Jan 15, 1953

Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels (arterioles more than venules) and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. It also functions as an antioxidant. It inhibits membrane-bound enzymes that form reactive oxygen species, such as superoxides. Excessive superoxide counteracts NO-induced vasodilation. Hydralazine is used for the treatment of essential hypertension, alone or as an adjunct. Also for the management of severe hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when blood pressure must be lowered immediately, congestive heart failure (in combination with cardiac glycosides and diuretics and/or with isosorbide dinitrate), and hypertension secondary to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. — NCATS

Clinical trial activity

51 trials · 88 clinical orgs · 52 marketing orgs

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Earliest trial started Sep 1, 1980 (NCT00000499)

Timeline

1950s

Jan 15, 1953
Novartis — Earliest FDA Approval
Jan 15, 1953
Novartis — NDA Secondary Org
Jan 15, 1953
Novartis — NDA Organization

1970s

Aug 5, 1974
Mutual Pharmaceutical — Marketing Organization
May 26, 1976
Novartis — Marketing Organization
Aug 5, 1976
Upsher-Smith Laboratories — Marketing Organization
Nov 23, 1976
Watson Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Oct 23, 1978
Heritage Pharma — Marketing Organization
Nov 20, 1979
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

1980s

Jan 1, 1980
Earliest Phase 2 Sponsor(trial)
Feb 27, 1980
Par Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Feb 8, 1982
Solvay — Marketing Organization
May 7, 1982
Vanguard — Marketing Organization
May 16, 1983
Sandoz — Marketing Organization
Sep 7, 1983
Lederle — Marketing Organization
Sep 7, 1983
American Cyanamid — Marketing Organization
Apr 10, 1984
Sun Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Apr 10, 1984
Ivax — Marketing Organization
May 1, 1984
Pliva — Marketing Organization
Aug 28, 1984
Superpharm — Marketing Organization
Apr 11, 1985
ANDA Repository — Marketing Organization

1990s

Jun 30, 1997
Lutipold — Marketing Organization
Jun 30, 1997
Sankyo — Marketing Organization
Jan 1, 1999
Earliest Phase 3 Sponsor(trial)

2000s

Feb 23, 2000
Teva — Marketing Organization
Jan 1, 2001
Earliest Phase 1 Sponsor(trial)
Mar 13, 2001
Fresenius — Marketing Organization
Jun 23, 2005
Arbor Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Jun 23, 2005
Azurity — NDA Secondary Org
Sep 12, 2008
Hetero Labs Ltd — Marketing Organization
Dec 15, 2008
Invagen Pharms — Marketing Organization
Apr 21, 2009
Akorn, Inc. — Marketing Organization
Apr 21, 2009
Rising Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
May 29, 2009
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization

2010s

Dec 8, 2010
Mylan — Marketing Organization
Dec 7, 2012
Alkem Labs Ltd — Marketing Organization
Mar 4, 2013
Actavis — Marketing Organization
Mar 28, 2013
Navinta — Marketing Organization
May 3, 2013
Strides Pharma Science — Marketing Organization
Sep 18, 2014
Cadila Healthcare — Marketing Organization
Jun 29, 2015
X Gen Pharmaceuticals — Marketing Organization
Jun 29, 2015
I3 Pharms — Marketing Organization
Jun 29, 2015
BEOWULF ASSET — Marketing Organization
May 26, 2017
Sciegen Pharmaceticals — Marketing Organization
Jul 9, 2018
Appco Pharma — Marketing Organization

2020s

Dec 18, 2020
Hikma — Marketing Organization
Apr 6, 2022
RiconPharma — Marketing Organization
Feb 13, 2023
Eugia Pharma — Marketing Organization

Indications

Approved for

Hypertension (approved 1985)

Studied for

Mechanism of action

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2ACTIVATOR
SETD2 activator
Mode of action not fully understood; it seems to interfere with calcium release, leading to vasodilation
- Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 (SETD2) ↗
Unspecified targetOTHER
Unknown
Mode of action not fully understood; it seems to interfere with calcium release, leading to vasodilation
Unspecified targetUnknown
Unknown
Mode of action not fully understood; it seems to interfere with calcium release, leading to vasodilation

Combination products

apresazide
with hydrochlorothiazide
Also known as hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide, hydra-zide
bidil
with isosorbide
ser-ap-es
with hydrochlorothiazide, reserpine
Also known as cam-ap-es, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide w/ reserpine, hydrap-es
serpasil-apresoline
with reserpine
Also known as dralserp

Approval history

approvedPriority reviewJan 15, 1953

Chemistry & pharmacology

Loading structure…

SMILES

NNc1nncc2ccccc12

Mol. weight: 160.18 g/mol
Lipinski Ro5: Pass
Rule of 3: No
Chirality: Achiral Molecule
Inorganic: No
Polymer: No
Delivery: Oral, Parenteral
Availability: Prescription Only

Oral

Yes

Parenteral

Yes

Topical

Sources

Also known as

1-hydrazinophthalazine
1-hydrazinophthalazine
1-phthalazinylhydrazine
1-phthalazinylhydrazine
(1z)-1(2h)-phthalazinone hydrazone
(1z)-1(2h)-phthalazinone hydrazone
(2h)-phthalazinone hydrazone
(2h)-phthalazinone hydrazone
6-hydralazine
6-hydralazine
apresoline
apresoline
apresoline
dralzine
dralzine
hd6610
hidralazina
hidralazina
hydralazin
hydralazin
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine
hydralazine hcl
hydralazine hcl
hydralazine hcl
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazinum
hydralazinum
hydrallazine
hydrallazine
hydrazinophthalazine
hydrazinophthalazine
hydrazone 1(2h)-phthalazinone
hydrazone 1(2h)-phthalazinone
hypophthalin
hypophthalin
idralazina
idralazina
mc-1101
phthalazin-1-ylhydrazine
phthalazin-1-ylhydrazine

Clinical trials

NCT ID	Phase	Start date	Sponsor(s)
NCT06360601	Phase 1/Phase 2 (Phase 2)	Apr 1, 2024	Tanta University
NCT06218199	Phase 4	Jul 8, 2021	Boston Scientific Corporation, Heart Center Research, LLC
NCT04842552	Phase 3	Jun 1, 2021	Government of Iran, McMaster University, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science
NCT04484350	Phase 2	Oct 23, 2020	Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, McMaster University
NCT04298034	N/A	Mar 15, 2020	Medical College of Wisconsin
NCT04116112	Phase 2	Jan 1, 2020	National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), University of Cincinnati, Vanderbilt University
NCT04206865	Phase 4	Nov 25, 2019	The Cleveland Clinic
NCT04435210	N/A	Aug 13, 2018	Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital
NCT04217135	Phase 4	Aug 1, 2018	I-Shou University, Kaohsiung Medical University
NCT03423810	Early Phase 1 (Phase 1)	Apr 23, 2018	University of Kansas
NCT03514108	Phase 4	Mar 1, 2018	Aarhus University, Danish Council for Independent Research, Danish Heart Foundation, Novo Nordisk, The Aase og Ejnar Danielsen Foundation, The Danish Regions: Foundation for Medical Research, University of Copenhagen
NCT02228408	Phase 4	May 15, 2017	Harvard University
NCT02933593	N/A	Aug 1, 2016	St. Louis University
NCT02522208	Phase 1	Sep 1, 2015	Arbor Pharmaceuticals
NCT02590367	Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3)	Aug 1, 2015	Nanjing Medical University
NCT02446652	Phase 3	Jul 1, 2015	Government of Mexico, Psicofarma S.A. de C.V.
NCT02343393	Phase 3	Jan 1, 2015	Changi General Hospital, Government of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore Clinical Research Institute
NCT02127463	Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3)	Apr 1, 2014	MacuCLEAR, Inc., Rocky Mountain Retina Consultants
NCT01922128	Phase 1	Sep 1, 2013	MacuCLEAR, Inc., Sall Research Medical Center
NCT02050529	Phase 2/Phase 3 (Phase 3)	Feb 1, 2013	Dow University of Health Sciences

Showing 20 of 51 trials

Page 1 / 3

Organizations

Research & Development (88)

Organization	Org type	Trials	As lead sponsor	Phases	Earliest year
Government of Mexico	Government	6	6	2	2005
Psicofarma S.A. de C.V.	For profit	5	0	2	2005
MacuCLEAR, Inc.	For profit	4	4	2	2009
National Institute on Aging (NIA)	Government	3	0	2	1980
Arbor Pharmaceuticals	For profit	2	2	1	2012
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico	Government	2	0	1	2011
Government of Colombia	Government	2	0	1	2007
Hoosier Cancer Research Network	Academic/Hospital	2	2	1	2004
McMaster University	Academic/Hospital	2	0	2	2020
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia	Government	2	0	2	2005
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)	Government	2	2	2	1980
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	Government	2	1	1	1999
University of Alberta	Academic/Hospital	2	2	1	2007
University of New South Wales	Academic/Hospital	2	2	2	2005
University of Pittsburgh	Academic/Hospital	2	0	2	1980
Vanderbilt University	Academic/Hospital	2	1	2	2001
Aarhus University	Academic/Hospital	1	1	1	2018
Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research	Academic/Hospital	1	0	1	2007
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital	Academic/Hospital	1	1	1	2018
Andover Eye Associates	Academic/Hospital	1	0	1	2009

88 organizations

Page 1 / 5

Marketing (61)

Organization	Org type	Relationship	Date
ANDA Repository	For profit	MKTG	Apr 11, 1985
Abraxis	For profit	MKTG	—
Actavis	For profit	MKTG	Mar 4, 2013
Akorn, Inc.	For profit	MKTG	Apr 21, 2009
Alkem Labs Ltd	For profit	MKTG	Dec 7, 2012
American Cyanamid	For profit	MKTG	Sep 7, 1983
Appco Pharma	For profit	MKTG	Jul 9, 2018
Appco Pharma	For profit	SYN	Jul 9, 2018
Arbor Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Jun 23, 2005
Ascot Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	—
Azurity	For profit	NDA2	Jun 23, 2005
BEOWULF ASSET	For profit	MKTG	Jun 29, 2015
Cadila Healthcare	For profit	MKTG	Sep 18, 2014
Chartwell Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Nov 20, 1979
Eugia Pharma	For profit	MKTG	Feb 13, 2023
Fresenius	For profit	MKTG	Mar 13, 2001
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	May 29, 2009
Halsey	For profit	MKTG	—
Heritage Pharma	For profit	MKTG	Oct 23, 1978
Heritage Pharma	For profit	SYN	Oct 23, 1978
Hetero Labs Ltd	For profit	MKTG	Sep 12, 2008
Hikma	For profit	MKTG	Dec 18, 2020
I3 Pharms	For profit	MKTG	Jun 29, 2015
Impax Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	—
Invagen Pharms	For profit	MKTG	Dec 15, 2008
Ivax	For profit	MKTG	Apr 10, 1984
Lederle	For profit	MKTG	Sep 7, 1983
Lutipold	For profit	MKTG	Jun 30, 1997
Mutual Pharmaceutical	For profit	MKTG	Aug 5, 1974
Mylan	For profit	MKTG	Dec 8, 2010
Mylan	For profit	SYN	Apr 28, 2016
Navinta	For profit	MKTG	Mar 28, 2013
Novartis	For profit	NDA2	Jan 15, 1953
Novartis	For profit	NDA	Jan 15, 1953
Novartis	For profit	MKTG	May 26, 1976
Par Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Feb 27, 1980
Pliva	For profit	MKTG	May 1, 1984
Puracap Pharmaceutical	For profit	MKTG	—
Quantum Pharmaceutical	For profit	MKTG	—
RiconPharma	For profit	MKTG	Apr 6, 2022
Rising Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Apr 21, 2009
SOLOPAK	For profit	MKTG	—
Sandoz	For profit	MKTG	May 16, 1983
Sankyo	For profit	MKTG	Jun 30, 1997
Sciegen Pharmaceticals	For profit	MKTG	May 26, 2017
Smith & Nephew	For profit	MKTG	—
Solvay	For profit	MKTG	Feb 8, 1982
Strides Pharma Science	For profit	MKTG	May 3, 2013
Sun Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Apr 10, 1984
Superpharm	For profit	MKTG	Aug 28, 1984
Teva	For profit	MKTG	Feb 23, 2000
Teva	For profit	SYN	Feb 3, 1975
Upsher-Smith Laboratories	For profit	MKTG	Aug 5, 1976
Upsher-Smith Laboratories	For profit	SYN	Feb 22, 1983
Upsher-Smith Laboratories	For profit	SYN	Mar 29, 1982
Vanguard	For profit	MKTG	May 7, 1982
Vitarine	For profit	MKTG	—
Watson Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Nov 23, 1976
West-Ward Pharmaceutical	For profit	MKTG	—
X Gen Pharmaceuticals	For profit	SYN	Jun 29, 2015
X Gen Pharmaceuticals	For profit	MKTG	Jun 29, 2015