theobromine
Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug. — NCATS
Clinical trial activity
12 trials · 28 clinical orgs · 0 marketing orgs
Earliest trial started May 1, 2008 (NCT01288547)
Timeline
Indications
Approved for
Mechanism of action
- Unspecified targetUnclear
unclear
Chemistry & pharmacology
SMILES
CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)NC(=O)N2C- Mol. weight
- 180.164 g/mol
- Lipinski Ro5
- Pass
- Rule of 3
- No
- Chirality
- Achiral Molecule
- Inorganic
- No
- Polymer
- No
Oral
No
Parenteral
No
Topical
No
Sources
- WikipediaTheobromine ↗
- NCATSOBD445WZ5P ↗
- ChEMBLCHEMBL1114 ↗
Also known as
- 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione
- 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione
- 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
- 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
- 3,7-dimethylxanthine
- 3,7-dimethylxanthine
- 3,7-dimethylxanthine
- diurobromine
- teobromin
- theobromin
- theobromin
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine
- theobromine(20%)
- theobromine(20%)
- theosalvose
- theostene
Clinical trials
| NCT ID | Phase | Start date | Sponsor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04359082 | N/A | Jan 13, 2020 | United States Army |
| NCT04340869 | N/A | Aug 1, 2019 | Al Azhar University |
| NCT03526107 | N/A | Feb 16, 2017 | Mars, Inc., University of California, Davis |
| NCT02209025 | N/A | Jun 1, 2014 | DSM, Maastricht University, Unilever |
| NCT02080845 | Phase 1 | Mar 1, 2014 | The Hershey Company, Wake Forest University |
| NCT02085109 | N/A | Feb 28, 2014 | Maastricht University |
| NCT01924481 | Early Phase 1 (Phase 1) | Sep 1, 2013 | The Hershey Company, Wake Forest University |
| NCT01656668 | Phase 3 | Jul 1, 2012 | Albany House Medical Centre, Freeman Health System, Mortimer Surgery, Ormeau Road Health Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Respicopea Limited, Sheepcot Medical Centre, Staploe Medical Centre, University of Hull, University of Leicester, University of London |
| NCT01544829 | N/A | Feb 1, 2012 | Unilever |
| NCT01481389 | N/A | Dec 1, 2010 | Unilever |
| NCT01416480 | Phase 3 | May 1, 2010 | Ahn-Gook Pharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd, Catholic University of Korea, Chung-Ang University, Ewha Womans University, Hallym University, Inje University, Soonchunhyang University, Yeungnam University |
| NCT01288547 | N/A | May 1, 2008 | Unilever |
Organizations
Research & Development (28)
| Organization | Org type | Trials | As lead sponsor | Phases | Earliest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unilever | For profit | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2008 |
| Maastricht University | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2014 |
| The Hershey Company | For profit | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2013 |
| Wake Forest University | Academic/Hospital | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2013 |
| Ahn-Gook Pharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2010 |
| Al Azhar University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2019 |
| Albany House Medical Centre | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |
| Catholic University of Korea | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Chung-Ang University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| DSM | For profit | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2014 |
| Ewha Womans University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Freeman Health System | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |
| Hallym University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Inje University | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2010 |
| Mars, Inc. | For profit | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2017 |
| Mortimer Surgery | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |
| Ormeau Road Health Centre | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |
| Queen's University, Belfast | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |
| Respicopea Limited | For profit | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2012 |
| Sheepcot Medical Centre | Academic/Hospital | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2012 |